고려시대 청자 투합(套盒)의 용도와 조형 계통

장남원 미술사와 시각문화학회 2010 미술사와 시각문화 Vol.9 No.-

이 글은 12세기 전반경 고려에 새로 등장하는 기물 가운데 청자 투합을 중심으로 그 용도와 조형 계통을 추론해 본 것이다. 투합은 당대 이래 왕릉이나 공적인 제사의례 공간등에서 의례용 진설기로 사용되었으며 특히 오대-송시기를 거치면서 관요나 공요(貢窯)에서 주로 제작된다. 고려에서도 인종장릉과 월출산의 제사유적등 왕실 및 공적인 예제의 공간에서 발견되며, 고려시기 가장 고급자기를 구웠던 강진의 사당리 요지에서만 제작되었다. 이를 통해 중국의 의례와 의례용 기물제도가 고려에 전해졌다고 보았으며 그 가운데 투합은 북송대 여요(汝窯)와 가장 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 이 과정에서 이미 중국 여러지역의 기물이 유입되어 사용되면서도 굳이 북송대 관요풍의 기물을 수용한데 대해 고려 인종대 특수한 정치적 상황과 결부시켜 새로운 질서와 권위의 표상화 과정과 관계가 있을 것으로 해석하였다. Around the early 12th century when the ceramic industry of Goryeo enters a period of stability and there is a smooth supply of royal ceramics centered around Gangjin, a new form of ceramics emerge during the Goryeo dynasty. It is especially true when looking at the types of unearthed artifacts at ‘Jang Neung(長陵)," the tomb of Goryeo King Injong who held his funeral in 1146. A new form of celadon that was unseen before such as melon-shaped vases, cups with chrysanthemum petal patterns, bowls with a lid, and stackable side-dish box set makes its appearance. Whereas cups or bowls is a type of ceramics used in daily living, melon-shaped vases or stackable side-dish box set have almost never been discovered at normal remains of daily life and is very rare even at kiln sites. Especially, celadon stackable side-dish box set have never been produced during the early and late Goryeo period. Besides the Tomb of King Injong, the places where stackable side-dish box set was discovered include Mt. Wolchul at Yeongam, Jeollanam province. This place was a site where memorial services for ancestors were held to the mountains and streams under the supervision of the government during the Goryeo period. As a result of surveys conducted on the style and types of articles discovered along with stackable side-dish box set, its potential production site is suspected to be around the Sadang-ri area of Gangjin, Jeollanam province. This was a place where fine quality celadons were made and paid as a tribute to the government from the early to late Goryeo period. There are various forms of stackable side-dish box set from China and Goryeo according to its form including circular type, tetragonal type, and pentagonal type. In Korea, only instances produced as celadons during the Goryeo period waspassed down. It has been known as an article used for placing something on top of it as it was called ‘Banghyeongdae’(方形臺, square support), ‘Banghyeonggi’(方形器, square bowl), ‘Daejwa’(臺座, support), ‘Cheoksikhap’疊式盒(stackable side-dish box), ‘Tuhap’套盒(stackable side-dish box set). In China, it was produced with silver since the Tang dynasty, and square-shaped stackable side-dish box set was already being produced in Yueh Yao(越州窯) eand Yao Zhou Yao(耀州窯) during the Five Dynasties in the 10th Century. The celadons were produced in various forms in places such as Lu-yao(汝窯) and Nansung Guan yao(南宋官窯) after going through the Northern Sung(宋) and Southern Sung dynasty, and it was also produced and used even in Northern Liao(遼) area. These kiln sites were important official kilns or places where ceramics for tributary payments were made during the period from the Five Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. In fact, the remains where stackable side-dish box set was discovered were official places of the government such as royal tombs, Emperor's tombs, and ancestral shrines. In these places, it was used as containers for putting light refreshments during ceremonies such as tea ceremonies. Goryeo stackable side-dish box set was closely related to presumed to be the official kilns of Northern Song Dynasty. The fact that these articles were passed on to Goryeo means the Chinese ceremony and ceremonial article system had been introduced to Goryeo. Although the diplomatic relationship between Goryeo and Song was restored at the end of the 11th Century, the Khitans and the Jurchens were confronting each other in the northern region, and Goryeo had to prepare for conquering the Jurchens. Therefore, it is presumed that Chinese culture and system were fully introduced during the reign of King Yejong in the early 12th Century. Especially, during the reign of King Injong(1122-1146), the royal authority was strongly challenged by the outbreak of the Coup of Yi Ja-gyeom(1126) and Myo Cheong's Rebellion, and even the King's authority was threatened due to the burning of the royal palace. Thus, in order to establish the soverign authority of the king and strengthen the royal authority, King Injong quickly carried out reforms. During this period in Goryeo, various celadons and white porcelain from Northern and Southern China were already introduced through private trade and were being used by the royal family and civilians. Therefore, by selectively bringing in the ceremonial containers(禮器) from Northern Song and modifying the article system, the King must have tried to display new order and authority. It seems this situation could have served as the opportunity for newly producing ceremonial containers such as Northern Sung official kiln type stackable side-dish box set.

中国明清时期提盒特点研究

李闯 상명대학교 한중문화정보연구소 2021 中國地域文化硏究 Vol.14 No.-

The stackable handled lunch box holds a special position in the history of traditional Chinese food containers. It reflects not only the feature of the times, region and custom, but also has unique artistic and aesthetic value. Starting from the characteristics of the food culture of the Ming and Qing dynasties, this article interprets this food container from different viewpoints, i.e. the development, craft, functional evolution and cultural symbolism. The article aims to explore and sort out the unique aesthetics and cultural value of the stackable handled lunch box in the Ming and Qing Dynasties so as to summarize the characteristics of it. As is known to all, traditional culture is the core of national cohesion and the scientific support for a country's prosperity and development. Outstanding traditional culture should be active in the society. As one of the typical manifestations of traditional culture, the stackable handled lunch box should realize its urgent transformation and innovation actively to better cater to the need of the modern world. Meanwhile, upgrades and improvements should be achieved without violating the custom. With modern culture as its background, the research on the stackable handled lunch box can provide useful reference for modern life. 提盒在中国传统食器中占有特殊的地位,融合了时代特色、地域特质以及民族文化等因素,具有独特的艺术性和审美价值。本文从明清两代饮食文化的时代特色出发,从提盒的发展契机、工艺审美、功能演变及文化象征等角度进行解读,旨在发掘梳理明清时期提盒独有的审美特点与文化价值,以期总结传统提盒文化的特点。 传统文化是民族凝聚力之源,是国家实现兴旺发达的科学支撑,优秀的传统文化应该活性化的存在于社会链条之中。提盒作为传统文化的典型表现载体之一,更要坚定的在新形势下让它积极实现转型与创新,不断的去实现升级和改良,这样既遵循民族传统,又充满时代感和新鲜活力。在当前的文化背景下,对提盒文化的研究能够对现代生活提供有益的参考与借鉴。

Stackable Disk-Shaped Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Generate Energy from Omnidirectional Wind

Joon-seok Lee,Hyungseok Yong,Yeong In Choi,Jaiyoung Ryu,Sangmin Lee 한국정밀공학회 2022 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.9 No.2

Wind energy is a highly effective renewable energy source that can be used to alleviate environmental problems worldwide. However, the variability of wind inhibited the development of wind power generators such as limited directional conditions, restrictions pertaining to the installation sites, occurrence of mechanical failures, and limited wind speed ranges. In here, to overcome these limitation, we developed a stackable disk-shaped wind-rolling triboelectric nanogenerator (DWR-TENG) to generate energy from omnidirectional wind. Its disk-shaped design ensures that the device does not involve any restrictions related to the wind direction or installation. Furthermore, lightweight charged spheres in the device can reduce the occurrence of mechanical failures and expand the wind speed range (operating in 6.5–17.5 m/s) for the generator operation. The performance of the DWR-TENG was evaluated considering various design parameters by conducting experiments and an FEM simulation. Specifically, the DWR-TENG can be easily stacked in several layers, thereby exhibiting an enhanced charging efficiency.

적층형 4-BAR 메커니즘을 이용한 평면형 메니퓰레이터

이호열(Hoyul Lee),최영진(Youngjin Choi) 제어로봇시스템학회 2010 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.16 No.5

This paper proposes a new planar robotic manipulator using stackable 4-BAR mechanisms for various applications. The proposed manipulator has an advantage that we can separate the driving actuators from a robotic manipulator. By separating actuators from the manipulator, we are able to separate the electrical component such as electrical wiring from the mechanical linkage/joint components in the robotic manipulator. Also, we suggest the kinematic analysis of the proposed manipulator which is composed of input mechanisms, multiple 4-BAR mechanisms and output mechanisms. Finally, we suggest numerical simulations to show the effectiveness of the proposed manipulator.