초국가적 시각에서 보는 현대의 아유르베다

마아 워리어(Maya Warrier) 한국요가학회 2013 요가학연구 Vol.- No.10

아유르베다는 힌두교와 불교의 우주론에 근원을 둔 인도고대의 의학 체계이지만 1970년대까지는 상대적으로 인문학과 사회과학의 기초연구로만 알려져 왔다. 겨우 지난 40년간 아유르베다는 역사학자, 인류학자, 그리고 사회학자뿐만 아니라 인도학자와 산스끄리뜨 학자로부터 중요한 학문적 주목을 받았다. 최근에서야 현대적이고 초국가적인 아유르베다에 대한 관심이 높아지는데 이는 서유럽과 남아메리카에서 이 전통에 대한 인기가 높아지고 있기 때문만은 적어도 아니다. 이 논문에서는 국제적이고 초국가적인 배경뿐만 아니라 식민지에서 독립한 남아시아의 현대 아유르베다의 발전을 기술하는 문헌을 비평하기 전에 고대 산스끄리뜨 문헌들에서 발달된 아유르베다의 정통적이거나 또는 전통적인 내용에 대해 학문적 관점에서 간략하게 개요를 설명할 것이다. 아유르베다는 두 단어‘아유르 (Ayur) ’의‘생명’과 성스러운‘베다(veda) ’의‘지식’이라는 산스끄리뜨어의 의미를 가지고 있다. 이는 약 2000년 전 가까이 인도의 고대 의학 체계이며, 힌두교와 불교의 우주론 에 뿌리를 두었다. 아유르베다는 신체의 세 가지 기질인 공기, 불, 물과 같은 원리에 근거한다. 그리고 이러한 세 가지 기질들 중에서 하나 혹은 더 많은 것들이 신체 안에 장애를 이끌어 악화되면서 질병을 일으킨다고 이해된다. 질병의 초기 단계에서는 식이요법의 조절과 생활 습관의 변화를 통해 치료되었다. 더욱 질병이 진행된 상태에서는 주로 허브 약 초로 만든 약으로 관리하도록 시도하였다. 또한 마사지, 관장, 배출, 구 토, 세척, 발한과 작은 수술을 포함하는 다양한 치유법들을 사용하였다. 아유르베다는 예방과 교정 모두의 의미를 가지고 있다. 일상생활의 거의 모든 면에서 많이 실천할 수 있도록 권한다. (Alter 1999; Wujastyk 2003a, b) 그리고 모든 사람들이 가지고 있는 활동, 소망, 목표에 대한 절제를 많이 강조하고 있다. 아유르베다는 인도 전 지역 대부분에서 많이 행해지는 전통이며, 인도인들과 스리랑카인들 대부분이 일반적인 개념에 대한 중요하게 여겨진다. 오늘날의 인도와 스리랑카에서 직업적으로써 폭 넓게 행해졌으며, 아유르베다의 교육과 연구는 각각의 정부로부터 지지를 받고 있다. 최근에 남아메리카와 서유럽은 아유르베다 전통에 관한 인식이 점점 증가하고 있으며, 아유르베다의 치료와 상품들에 대한 국제 적인 상품화가 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 아유르베다는 인문학과 사회 과학에서 비교 연구되었던 주제영역이다 1) 이는 1970년 이래로 인도학자와 산스끄리뜨어 학자뿐만 아니라 역사학자, 사회학자, 인류학자들로부터 중요한 학문적인 관심을 받았다. 지난 40년 동안 대체로 학문적인 성과 업적은 세 가지의 주된 범주로 살펴볼 수 있다. 첫째로, 식민지 시대 이전의 남아시아에서 존재했던 전통 적인 아유르베다를 조사하는 학문이다. 이러한 유형의 학문은 전통 아유 르베다를 뒷받침할 수 있는 아유르베다의 기원과 우주론을 조사하며, 아 유르베다 전통 문헌에서 서술된 것처럼 건강과 질병, 해부학과 생리학, 진단과 치료에 대한 개념들을 분석하기 위해서 고대 문헌들에서 아주 크게 도출하고 있다. 두 번째로, 남아시아에서 식민지이거나 식민지 독립 후의 시대에의 아유르베다를 조사하는 학문이다. 이 학문의 초점은 아유르베다가 식민지 정부의 정책의 결과로써, 그리고 인도의 아대륙과 서양 생체의학의 인식체계와 기관들과의 만남에 대한 결과로써 변천된 인도 아대륙에서 변화된 것이다. 이러한 문헌은 아유르베다 전통의 상품 과 제약 뿐만 아니라 아유르베다의 훈련과 치료의 전문적이고 표준화를 검토한다. 셋째로, 상대적으로 최근 다수의 문헌은 기원된 장소에서 벗어난 곳에서 아유르베다를 조사하는 것이 알려지기 시작했다. 이 작업은 현대 서양 (미국과 유럽) 에서 아유르베다를 주되게 분석하며, 이런 사회들 속에 통합적 건강과 팽배해진‘뉴 에이지’환경과의 관련된 면으로 아유 르베다 전통에 대해 검토한다.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites Densified by HIP Technique

Manocha, L.M.,Warrier, Ashish,Manocha, S.,Banerji, S.,Sathiyamoorthy, D. Korean Carbon Society 2005 Carbon Letters Vol.6 No.1

The study of mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of carbon/carbon composites is significant to its application and development. These are dependent on microstructure and properties of reinforcing fibers and matrix, fiber/matrix interface and porosity/cracks present in the composites. In the present studies high-density carbon/carbon composites have been prepared using PAN and various pitch based carbon fibers as reinforcements and pitch as matrix with repeated densification cycles using high-pressure impregnation and carbonization technique. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the fracture behaviour of the highly dense composites and correlated with structure of the composites. The geometry of reinforcement and presence of unfilled voids/cracks was found to influence the path of crack propagation and thereby the strength of composites. The type of stresses (tensile or compressive) accumulated also plays an important role in fracture of composites.

Strength loss contributions during stages of heating, retention and cooling regimes for concretes

Yaragal, Subhash C.,Warrier, Jishnu,Podila, Ramesh Techno-Press 2015 Advances in materials research Vol.4 No.1

Concrete suffers strength loss when subjected to elevated temperatures during an accidental event such as fire. The loss in strength of concrete is mainly attributed to decomposition of C-S-H gel and release of chemically bound water, which begins when the temperature exceeds $500^{\circ}C$. But it is unclear about how much strength loss occurs in different stages of heating, retention and cooling regimes. This work is carried out to separate the total strength loss into losses during different stages of heating, retention and cooling. Tests were carried out on both Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) based concrete and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) blended concrete for $200^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$ with a retention period of 1 hour for each of these temperature levels. Furnace cooling was adopted throughout the experiment. This study reports strength loss contribution during heating, retention and cooling regimes for both OPC based and GGBFS based concretes.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites Densified by HIP Technique

L.M. Manocha,Ashish Warrier,S. Manocha,S. Banerji,D. Sathiyamoorthy 한국탄소학회 2005 Carbon Letters Vol.6 No.1

The study of mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of carbon/carbon composites is significant to its application and development. These are dependent on microstructure and properties of reinforcing fibers and matrix, fiber/matrix interface and porosity/cracks present in the composites. In the present studies high-density carbon/carbon composites have been prepared using PAN and various pitch based carbon fibers as reinforcements and pitch as matrix with repeated densification cycles using high-pressure impregnation and carbonization technique. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to study the fracture behaviour of the highly dense composites and correlated with structure of the composites. The geometry of reinforcement and presence of unfilled voids/cracks was found to influence the path of crack propagation and thereby the strength of composites. The type of stresses (tensile or compressive) accumulated also plays an important role in fracture of composites.

Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques

Santra, Sampa,Tomaras, Georgia D.,Warrier, Ranjit,Nicely, Nathan I.,Liao, Hua-Xin,Pollara, Justin,Liu, Pinghuang,Alam, S. Munir,Zhang, Ruijun,Cocklin, Sarah L.,Shen, Xiaoying,Duffy, Ryan,Xia, Shi-Mao Public Library of Science 2015 PLoS pathogens Vol.11 No.8

<▼1><P>HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate <I>in vivo</I> rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Antibodies specifically recognize antigenic sites on pathogens and can mediate multiple antiviral functions through engagement of effector cells via their Fc region. Current HIV-1 vaccine candidates induce polyclonal antibody responses with multiple antiviral functions, but do not induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. An improved understanding of whether certain types of non-neutralizing HIV-1 specific antibodies can individually protect against HIV-1 infection may facilitate vaccine development. Here, we test whether non-neutralizing antibodies with multiple antiviral functions mediated through FcR engagement and recognition of virus particles or virus-infected cells can limit infection, despite lacking classical virus neutralization activity. In a passive antibody infusion-rhesus macaque challenge model, we tested the ability of non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to limit virus acquisition. We demonstrate that two different types of non-neutralizing antibodies, one that recognizes both virus particles and infected cells (7B2) and another that recognizes only infected cells (A32) were capable of decreasing the number of transmitted founder viruses. Further, we provide the structure of 7B2 in complex with the gp41 cyclical loop motif, a motif critical for entry. These findings provide insights into the role that antibodies with antiviral properties, including virion capture and FcR mediated effector function, may play in protecting against HIV-1 acquisition.</P></▼2>

Quality of Irradiated seasoned filefish and sliced dried pollack and their Detection by thermoluminescence analysis

(J. E. Noh),(J. E. Lee),(S. B. Warrier),(V. Venugopal),(M. W. Byun),(J. H. Kwon) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2002 국제학술심포지움 쌀박람회 Vol.- No.-

Mineral magnetic properties of ultisol profiles from tropical southern India

Mohan Reethu,Kizhur Sandeep,Joju G. Sebastian,Anish K. Warrier,Geetha H. Aravind,Abdul K. Rafaz,Jithin Jose,Radhakrishnan Akshay,Vadakkath V. Suhaiba 한국지질과학협의회 2023 Geosciences Journal Vol.27 No.5

The magnetic grain size, mineralogy and concentration of five ultisol sequences (lateritic soil profiles) developed on different parent rocks (syenite, dolerite, charnockite, gneiss and sandstone) in southwestern India were investigated to gain a better understanding of the pedogenic processes under tropical climate. Field investigations reveal the presence of various horizons in the lateritic profiles, such as saprolite, saprock, pallid zone, mottled zone, pebble horizon and top soil. These horizons exhibit differences in their mineral magnetic, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopic (redness %, amplitudes of goethite (AGt) and haematite (AHm)) and particle size properties. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) values of the ultisol profiles varies from 5.8 to 2858.7 × 10−8m3kg−1, whereas percentage frequency dependent susceptibility (χfd %) ranges between 0.15% and 14.0%. The FTIR spectra reveal the presence of minerals like haematite, goethite, kaolinite and quartz. The upper horizons (top-soil and pebble horizon) are marked by magnetic enhancement by ultra-fine grained superparamagnetic (SP) minerals with low coercivity, most likely magnetite/maghemite. Whereas, the lower horizons (saprock, saprolite, pallid zone horizons) exhibit no magnetic enhancement and are characterized by antiferromagnetic minerals, e.g., haematite/goethite. The unweathered parent rock is characterized by low coercivity minerals of coarser magnetic grain size with a little to no superparamagnetic (SP) grains. However, the magnitude of enhancement of fine grained ferrimagnetic grains in the top soil in relation to bottom horizons varies among the five lateritic profiles. The degree of enhancement and production of the fine-grained superparamagnetic grains in topsoil decreases in the order charnockite > syenite > sandstone > gneiss > dolerite. Because the doleritic parent rock exhibits a high initial Fe concentration, it is difficult to ascertain the degree of pedogenesis, due to a strong lithogenic signature, which decreases towards the profile top. The tropical soils in the region have undergone a higher degree of pedogenesis with increased magnetic mineral concentration compared to temperate soils. However, magnetic grain size appears to be the same in both soil types. The magnetic enhancement in the topsoil may be due to the neoformation of fine-grained SP magnetite, aided by sufficient Fe supply, alternate wetting and drying cycles, dehydration, oxidation and redox conditions.