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Thio Christina Li-Ping,Chang Ya-Jen 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-
A dysregulated type 2 immune response is one of the fundamental causes of allergic asthma. Although Th2 cells are undoubtedly central to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, the discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has added another layer of complexity to the etiology of this chronic disease. Through their inherent innate type 2 responses, ILC2s not only contribute to the initiation of airway inflammation but also orchestrate the recruitment and activation of other members of innate and adaptive immunity, further amplifying the inflammatory response. Moreover, ILC2s exhibit substantial cytokine plasticity, as evidenced by their ability to produce type 1- or type 17-associated cytokines under appropriate conditions, underscoring their potential contribution to nonallergic, neutrophilic asthma. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of ILC2 functions is pertinent. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge on ILC2s in asthma and the regulatory factors that modulate lung ILC2 functions in various experimental mouse models of asthma and in humans.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Nanoparticle Composites
Sungwon Ma,Yonathan Thio 한국고분자학회 2016 Macromolecular Research Vol.24 No.10
The blends of two crosslinked polystyrene-b-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) copolymers with homopolystyrene were investigated for their dynamic mechanical properties. Elastomeric block copolymer nanofibers utilized as filler were prepared by employing the phase separation property of a polystyrene-b-polyisoprene copolymer, which was then exposed to a crosslinking agent (S2Cl2) for cold vulcanization. The crosslinking density and morphology of nanofillers resulted in three elastomeric block copolymer nanofillers: fully crosslinked nanofiber (FCF), fully crosslinked multi-junctioned nanofiber (FCM), and partially crosslinked multi-junctioned sample (PCM). Uncrosslinked PS-PI block copolymer (UBC) was also studied as a comparison. Crosslinking density was calculated by measuring the change in intensity of the double bond peaks using FTIR spectroscopy. Thermo-mechanical properties and morphology of the blends were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DMA results show that modulus increases with increasing filler loading in the terminal region for both PS/FCM and PS/FCF systems and the increasing rate is related to crosslinking density.
Daria Erusalkina,Huaping Sun,Liang Li,Ellen Thio 한국APEC학회 2021 Journal of APEC Studies Vol.13 No.1
Education is the most crucial determinant of economic growth, and the link between education and economic growth has always been an important field of economics research. Technological innovation is the source of promoting economic growth and the key to transforming economic growth mode. The aim of the paper is to explore the effects of education expenditure and technology investment on economic growth. The article used annual time series data of four countries (China, Finland, Germany, and Russia) from the period 1996 - 2018 on government expenditure on education (% of GDP), GDP per capita annual growth (GDPPCAG), government expenditure on R&D (GERD), control carbon dioxide emissions (𝐶𝑂₂) and the whole data is sourced from WDI of the World Bank. The results found the contribution rate of science and technology expenditures to per capita GDP growth is very high and a stable and long-term relationship between expenditures of science and technology and per capita GDP growth, with significant positive effects among all countries employed. There is a long-term stable relationship between education expenditure and economic development, but education expenditure to economic growth is smaller than that of science and technology expenditure relatively.