Ultraviolet B radiation induces impaired lifecycle traits and modulates expression of cytochrome P450 (<i>CYP</i>) genes in the copepod <i>Tigriopus japonicus</i>

Puthumana, Jayesh,Lee, Min-Chul,Park, Jun Chul,Kim, Hui-Su,Hwang, Dae-Sik,Han, Jeonghoon,Lee, Jae-Seong Elsevier 2017 Aquatic toxicology Vol.184 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To evaluate the effects of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation at the developmental, reproductive, and molecular levels in aquatic invertebrates, we measured UV-B-induced acute toxicity, impairments in developmental and reproductive traits, and UV-B interaction with the entire family of cytochrome P450 (<I>CYP</I>) genes in the intertidal benthic copepod <I>Tigriopus japonicus</I>. We found a significant, dose-dependent reduction (<I>P<</I> 0.05) in the survival of <I>T. japonicus</I> that began as a developmental delay and decreased fecundity. The 48h LD10 and LD50 were 1.35 and 1.84kJ/m<SUP>2</SUP>, and the CYP inhibitor (PBO) elevated mortality, confirming the involvement of <I>CYP</I> genes in UV-B induced toxicity. Low-dose UV-B (1.5kJ/m<SUP>2</SUP>) induced developmental delays, and higher doses (6–18kJ/m<SUP>2</SUP>) caused reproductive impairments in ovigerous females. The significant up-regulation of <I>CYP</I> genes belonging to clans 2/3/MT/4/20 in <I>T. japonicus</I> exposed to UV-B (12kJ/m<SUP>2</SUP>) confirmed molecular interaction between UV-B and <I>CYP</I> genes. Moreover, orphan CYPs, such as <I>CYP20A1</I>, provide good insight on the deorphanization of invertebrate <I>CYPs</I>. Overall, these results demonstrate the involvement of UV-B radiation in the expression of all the <I>CYP</I> genes in <I>T. japonicus</I> and their susceptibility to UV-B radiation. This will provide a better understanding of the mechanistic effects of UV-B in copepods through the predicted AhR-mediated up-regulation of <I>CYP</I> genes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Impaired effects of UV-B on the copepod <I>Tigriopus japonicus</I> were examined. </LI> <LI> Modulation of entire CYP genes were analyzed in response to UV-B. </LI> <LI> CYP inhibitor (PBO) confirmed the role of CYP in UV-B induced mortality. </LI> <LI> Low-dose UV-B found induce developmental delays, and higher doses cause reproductive impairments. </LI> <LI> Study predicted the mechanistic effects of UV-B in copepods through the AhR-mediated up-regulation of <I>CYP</I> genes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Nine co-localized cytochrome P450 genes of the CYP2N, CYP2AD, and CYP2P gene families in the mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus genome: Identification and expression in response to B[α]P, BPA, OP, and NP

Puthumana, Jayesh,Kim, Bo-Mi,Jeong, Chang-Bum,Kim, Duck-Hyun,Kang, Hye-Min,Jung, Jee-Hyun,Kim, Il-Chan,Hwang, Un-Ki,Lee, Jae-Seong Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2017 Aquatic toxicology Vol.187 No.-

Investigations into Performance of Dry EDM Using Slotted Electrodes

Govindan Puthumana,Suhas S. Joshi 한국정밀공학회 2011 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

Dry EDM is an emerging EDM technology, which uses gas as dielectric fluid. Due to low density of gaseous dielectric, the process experiences i) unconstrained plasma expansion thereby reducing the effective material removal rate (MRR) and ii)inefficient disposal of debris. This work proposes use of electrodes with peripheral slots to provide more space for the flow of dielectric for effective debris disposal and consequently improve MRR. In this regard, a comprehensive experimentation using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array has been planned initially to optimize the number of peripheral slots on the electrodes,and then to understand the effect of the slots on material removal, tool wear, oversize and depth achieved as a function of processing conditions. It is observed that the optimum number of peripheral slots on electrode for effective debris evacuation is four for the electrode configuration used in this work. The statistical analysis shows that in dry EDM,discharge current (I), gap voltage (V), rotational speed (N) and pulse off-time (Toff) control MRR. Also, use of slotted electrodes significantly reduces the electrode wear rate, and attachment of debris particles on the electrodes.

Different susceptibilities of the Antarctic and temperate copepods Tigriopus kingsejongensis and T. japonicus to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Han, J,Puthumana, J,Lee, MC,Kim, S,Lee, JS Inter-Research 2016 Marine ecology progress series Vol.561 No.-

<P>To understand the effects of UV radiation on the Antarctic copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensis and the temperate copepod Tigriopus japonicus, the 96 h half lethal dose (LD50-96h) was calculated and compared with the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzymatic activities, and gene expression profiles of the defensome in response to UV radiation over time (control, 1, 3, 6 h) in these copepods. 'Defensome' refers to the integrated system of defense mechanisms-such as detoxification, anti oxidation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation-that were altered by UV exposure. The LD50-96h and no observed effect level (NOEL) at 96 h after UV exposure were determined as 23.16 kJ m(-2) and 12 kJ m(-2), respectively, in T. kingsejongensis and 26.42 kJ m(-2) and 12 kJ m(-2), respectively, in T. japonicus. ROS levels in response to 12 kJ m-2 UV increased slightly (p < 0.05) in T. kingsejongensis over time, and were also higher (p < 0.05) in T. japonicus. Transcript levels of antioxidant-related genes were mostly down-regulated in response to 12 kJ m(-2) UV radiation, except for glutathione-S transferase delta epsilon (GST-Delta-E), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxi dase (GPx) genes in T. kingsejongensis. T. japonicus heat shock protein (hsp) genes were mostly up-regulated, but only small hsp genes (hsp10 and hsp20) showed up-regulation in T. kingsejongensis. This finding provides a better understanding of how UV radiation affects in vivo endpoints and the relevant molecular response in 2 different copepod species from contrasting environments.</P>

Marine Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era

( Manomi Sarasan ),( Jayesh Puthumana ),( Neema Job ),( Jeonghoon Han ),( Jae-seong Lee ),( Rosamma Philip ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.6

Endophytic fungi have currently been acknowledged as the most promising source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery, and considerable progress has been made in exploring their diversity, species richness, and bioprospecting. Fungal endophytes from unique environmental settings offer a pool of potentially useful medicinal entities. Owing to the constant stresses imposed on macroalgae by marine environments, it is believed that algae and their associated endophytic symbionts represent a good source of structurally diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. Despite the proven significance of active metabolites of algal endophytes, little have been exploited. This review highlights the latest discoveries in algicolous endophytic research, with particular focus on the bioactive metabolites from algal endophytes. Compounds are classified according to their reported biological activities, like anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. Present experimental evidence suggests that a majority of the bioactive metabolites were reported from Phaeophyceae followed by Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. An intensive search for newer and more effective bioactive metabolites has generated a treasure trove of publications, and this review partially covers the literature published up to 2016.

BDE-47 induces oxidative stress, activates MAPK signaling pathway, and elevates de novo lipogenesis in the copepod Paracyclopina nana

Lee, M.C.,Puthumana, J.,Lee, S.H.,Kang, H.M.,Park, J.C.,Jeong, C.B.,Han, J.,Hwang, D.S.,Seo, J.S.,Park, H.G.,Om, A.S.,Lee, J.S. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press 2016 Aquatic toxicology Vol.181 No.-

<P>Brominated flame retardant, 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), has received grave concerns as a persistent organic pollutant, which is toxic to marine organisms, and a suspected link to endocrine abnormalities. Despite the wide distribution in the marine ecosystem, very little is known about the toxic impairments on marine organisms, particularly on invertebrates. Thus, we examined the adverse effects of BDE-47 on life history trait (development), oxidative markers, fatty acid composition, and lipid accumulation in response to BDE-47-induced stress in the marine copepod Paracyclopina nana. Also, activation level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways along with the gene expression profile of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathways were addressed. As a result, BDE-47 induced oxidative stress (e.g. reactive oxygen species, ROS) mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERIC) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascades in MAPK pathways. Activated MAPK pathways, in turn, induced signal molecules that bind to the transcription factors (TFs) responsible for lipogenesis to EcR, SREBP, ChREBP promoters. Also, the stress stimulated the conversion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a preparedness of the organism to adapt the observed stress, which could be correlated with the elongase and desaturase gene (e.g. ELO3, Delta 5-DES, Delta 9-DES) expressions, and then extended to the delayed early post-embryonic development and increased accumulation of lipid droplets in P. nana. This study will provide a better understanding of how BDE-47 effects on marine invertebrates particularly on the copepods, an important link in the marine food chain. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Adverse effects of MWCNTs on life parameters, antioxidant systems, and activation of MAPK signaling pathways in the copepod Paracyclopina nana

Kim, D.H.,Puthumana, J.,Kang, H.M.,Lee, M.C.,Jeong, C.B.,Han, J.,Hwang, D.S.,Kim, I.C.,Lee, J.W.,Lee, J.S. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press 2016 Aquatic toxicology Vol.179 No.-

<P>Engineered multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received widespread applications in a broad variety of commercial products due to low production cost. Despite their significant commercial applications, CNTs are being discharged to aquatic ecosystem, leading a threat to aquatic life. Thus, we investigated the adverse effect of CNTs on the marine copepod Paracyclopina nana. Additional to the study on the uptake of CNTs and acute toxicity, adverse effects on life parameters (e.g. growth, fecundity, and size) were analyzed in response to various concentrations of CNTs. Also, as a measurement of cellular damage, oxidative stress-related markers were examined in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, activation of redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways along with the phosphorylation pattern of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) were analyzed to obtain a better understanding of molecular mechanism of oxidative stress induced toxicity in the copepod P. nana. As a result, significant inhibition on life parameters and evoked antioxidant systems were observed without ROS induction. In addition, CNTs activated MAPK signaling pathway via ERK, suggesting that phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK)-mediated adverse effects are the primary cause of in vitro and in vivo endpoints in response to CNTs exposure. Moreover, ROS-independent activation of MAPK signaling pathway was observed. These findings will provide a better understanding of the mode of action of CNTs on the copepod P. nana at cellular and molecular level and insight on possible ecotoxicological implications in the marine environment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Effects of salinity on growth, fatty acid synthesis, and expression of stress response genes in the cyclopoid copepod <i>Paracyclopina nana</i>

Lee, Seung-Hwi,Lee, Min-Chul,Puthumana, Jayesh,Park, Jun Chul,Kang, Sujin,Hwang, Dae-Sik,Shin, Kyung-Hoon,Park, Heum Gi,Souissi, Sami,Om, Ae-Son,Lee, Jae-Seong,Han, Jeonghoon Elsevier 2017 Aquaculture Vol.470 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In marine ecosystems, salinity fluctuations are critical in modulating energy balance, inducing stress proteins, providing reproductive success and affecting the distribution of copepods. Salinity induces osmotic stress in organisms when they are not in their optimal condition and the stressful status increase the energy demand required for osmoregulation, which in turn reflects in all biological processes. Effects of salinity stress on life history traits and tolerance are species-specific. In this study, we used the estuarine cyclopoid copepod <I>Paracyclopina nana</I> to understand the responses towards the hypo (5ppt) and hypersalinity (25 and 30ppt) conditions, and compared that with the control (15ppt). We investigated the life cycle parameters (e.g. growth and fecundity), fatty acid (FA) synthesis, lipid accumulation (as lipid droplets [LDs]) and modulation of heat shock proteins (<I>hsps</I>) in response to salinity stress. As a result, life cycle parameters and FA synthesis, LDs, and modulation of <I>hsps</I> were found highly dependent on salinity changes in <I>P. nana</I>. Particularly, hypersalinity resulted in developmental retardation, reduced fecundity, decreased FA synthesis, a drop in lipid accumulation, and modulation of stress response proteins, suggesting that <I>P. nana</I> devoted increased energy to cope with the osmotic imbalance due to salinity stress in hypersalinity conditions. This finding provides a better understanding of how salinity affects in vivo endpoints and the relevant molecular responses in estuarine copepods.</P> <P><B>Statement of relevance</B></P> <P>We envisage that this manuscript will be helpful to understand salinity-dependent lipid composition changes in copepods and optimize the optimal salinity for the mass culture for this species.</P> <P>Considering the small size (~600μm) of <I>P. nana</I> and its potential as live feeds for finfish larviculture, the present findings have considerable importance for the aquaculture industry.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The P. nana devoted increased energy to cope with the osmotic imbalance due to salinity stress in hyper salinity condition. </LI> <LI> Life cycle parameters and FA synthesis, LDs, and modulation of hsps were found to be highly salinity dependent in P. nana. </LI> <LI> Hypersalinity resulted in in vivo life parameters, a drop in lipid accumulation, and modulation of stress response proteins. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effects of temperature on growth and fatty acid synthesis in the cyclopoid copepod Paracyclopina nana

Lee, S. H.,Lee, M. C.,Puthumana, J.,Park, J. C.,Kang, S.,Han, J.,Shin, K. H.,Park, H. G.,Om, A. S.,Lee, J. S. Springer Japan KK 2017 Fisheries Science Vol.83 No.5