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Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels in Chloride Containing Supercritical Water Oxidation System
Kim, Young Sik,Mitton, D . Bryce,Latanision, Ronald M . 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.17 No.1
As the science and process applications of supercritical water (SCW) and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) become more thoroughly understood, it is logical to envision the use of the SCWO process by diverse industries and public wastewater and sludge generators. This technology can be adapted to accomplish either pre or end-of-pipe wastewater treatment. There is a need to destroy both military and civilian hazardous waste, and urgency, mandated by public concern over traditional waste handling methodologies, to identify safe and efficient alternative technologies. By capitalizing on the properties of water above its critical point, 374℃ and 22.4 MPa for pure water, this technology provides rapid and complete oxidation with high destruction efficiencies at typical operating temperatures. Nevertheless, corrosion of the materials of fabrication is a serious concern. While iron-based alloys and nickel-based alloys are generally considered important for service applications, results from laboratory and pilot-scale SCWO systems presently in operation indicate that they will not withstand some aggressive feeds. Significant weight loss and localized effects, including stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and dealloying, are seen in chlorinated environments. This work assesses the corrosion characteristics of iron-based stainless steels exposed to high supercritical temperatures in a chlorinated military waste containing salts.
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Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water Environment
Yoon, Jae Hong,Son, K.S.,Kim, H.S.,Mitton, B.,Latanision, R.M.,Yoo, Y.R.,Kim, Young Sik Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2005 Materials science forum Vol.475 No.-
<P>There is a need to destroy both military and civilian hazardous waste and urgency, mandated by public concern over traditional waste handling methodologies, to safe and efficient alternative technologies. One very effective process for the destruction of such waste is supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). Nevertheless, corrosion of the materials of fabrication is a serious concern. This work intends to obtain the fundamental data for developing the corrosion resistant steel for the construction of SCWO system. The effects of various factors on the corrosion resistance of flat, welded, and U-bend 316L stainless steels in Trimsol solution were studied. Corroded product on surface was composed of multi-layer with oxides and salts, and dealloying was observed. Major corrosion phenomena of 316L stainless steel under SCWO condition were intergranular corrosion, pitting corrosion, SCC, and erosion corrosion. This work focused on the elucidation of corrosion mechanism of 316L stainless steel in SCWO environment.</P>
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Kim, H.S.,Yoon, J.H.,Han, J.H.,Mitton B.D.,Latanision R.M.,Kim, Y.S. 대한금속재료학회 2004 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.10 No.1
SCWO, sometimes referred to as hydrothermal waste processing, uses the solvating traits of water in its supercritical condition to effectively destroy liquid organic wastes. One major problem in the supercritical water oxidation process is corrosion, because all metallic tubes in the process are exposed to high temperature and high pressure as well as severe corrosive species such as Cl^(-), F, S^(2-), and O^(2-). The presence of Cl^(-) when the pH of a solution is very low and the solution has excess oxygen causes active corrosion and metal loss by metal-chloride andor oxychloride formation. This study performed a chromizing treatment on 316 stainless steel and immersion tests in supercritical water. Weight change of chromized steels and untreated steels was measured, and the chemical state and composition of oxide films on 316 stainless steel were inves- tigated. On the basis of SCWO tests using distilled water, the oxide layer was found to be very thin and homogeneous and weight gain was observed regardless of testing temperature, while the chromizing treatment slightly reduced weight gain. In the case of SCWO tests using salt water, weight loss was observed regardless of testing temperature and its corrosion mode was pitting by chloride ion, while chromizing treatment greatly decreased the corrosion rate.
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Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water
Yoon, SJ.H.,Kim, H.S.,Kim, Y.S.,Mitton, B.,Latanision, R.M. 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2003 공업기술연구 Vol.3 No.-
We were investigated intending to obtain the fundamental data for developing the corrosion resistant steel for the construction of SCWO (supercritical water oxidation) system. In order to match these objects, the effects of various factors on the corrosion resistance of flat specimen, welded specimen and U-bend specimen of 316L stainless steel in trimsol solution A trimsol solution of cutting oil produces a lot of Cl elements during the decomposition under supercritical condition. By the result, the corroded product of surface was composed of the composite and multi-layers that oxides or salts is mixed, and dealloying phenomena was observed in the nearest surface of 316L alloy. Main corrosion mechanism under SCWO condition is the intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion and erosion. Initial corrosion of welded specimen that has the dendrite structure is generally progressed through the crevice of dendrite. Especially, in microstructure of the outer surface part in the U-bend specimen that maximum tensile stress is applied, some cracks with the intergranular and the intragranular corrosion with SCC were observed in the deep inside from the surface of the specimen. On the other hand, in inner side that compression stress is applied, the intergranular corrosion was only observed. The expected factors, dominating corrosion resistance of 316L alloy in supercritical water oxidation environments, are the amount of alloying elements and grain size and hardness that means resistance against erosion.
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Cho, J.H.,Kim, T.W.,Son, K.S.,Yoon, J.H.,Kim, H.S.,Leisk, G.G.,Mitton, D.B.,Latanision, R.M. 대한금속재료학회 2003 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.9 No.3
The effect of surface modifications of Mar-M247 superalloy on hot corrosion resistance was examined in Na₂SO₄-NaCl molten salt. The Mar-M247 was aluminized and boroaluminized by pack cementation in Ar and underwent a cyclic hot corrosion test in Na₂SO₄-NaCl molten salt. The XRD results showed that a Ni2Al3 phase was formed between the aluminized layer and the substrate when the surface modification temperature was below 1273 K. However, a NiAl phase formed when the temperature was above 1273 K. The intensity of the XRD peak in the NiAl phase increased after post heat treatment. Hot corrosion resistance increased for the specimens containing NiAl rather than Ni₂Al₃ phase. The ductile NiAl phase suppressed the potential for crack initiation during thermal cycling. Post heat treatment increased the corrosion resistance of the aluminized layer for Mar-M247, which underwent surface modification at 1273 K and above. In the boroaluminized Mar-M247 specimens, corrosion resistance decreased as a result of the blocking of outward diffusion of Cr by boron and decreased cohesion between the oxide scale and the aluminized layer during thermal cycling.
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