Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging for Identification of Biological Micro/Nanoorganisms

Javidi, B.,Daneshpanah, M.,Moon, I. IEEE 2010 IEEE photonics journal Vol.2 No.2

<P>The integration of information photonics and 3-D imaging systems for low-cost automated screening and characterization of biological specimen is presented. In particular, 3-D holographic imaging and computational models are described that provide potentially powerful tools for rapid noninvasive 3-D sensing, identification, and tracking of biological micro/nanoorganisms.</P>

Three-dimensional speckle-noise reduction by using coherent integral imaging.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram Optical Society of America 2009 Optics letters Vol.34 No.8

<P>We present a 3D imaging method to reduce speckle noise that exists in coherent imaging systems. This approach is based on integral imaging (II). The elemental images set having speckle-noise patterns of a 3D object is obtained by II technique under coherent illumination. The computational geometrical ray-propagation algorithm is applied to the elemental images in order to reconstruct the original 3D object. A uniform probability-density function is assumed for modeling the phase distribution of the speckle patterns. The statistical point estimator is used for 3D speckle removal. Speckle index is calculated to compare the computational reconstruction using the proposed method with that of conventional coherent image degraded by speckle patterns for 3D object reconstruction and by object recognition. Experimental results are presented. The speckle index, mean square error, and signal-to-noise ratio are used as performance metrics and are shown to have been significantly improved by the proposed method to reduce speckle noise in the 3D object reconstruction. 3D reconstruction experiments of objects with reduced speckle noise are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on 3D speckle removal using II and statistical estimation algorithms.</P>

Three-dimensional recognition of photon-starved events using computational integral imaging and statistical sampling.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram Optical Society of America 2009 Optics letters Vol.34 No.6

<P>We present a statistical approach to recognize three-dimensional (3D) objects with a small number of photons captured by using integral imaging (II). For 3D recognition of the events, the photon-limited elemental image set of a 3D object is obtained using the II technique. A computational geometrical ray propagation algorithm and the parametric maximum likelihood estimator are applied to the photon-limited elemental image set to reconstruct the irradiance of the original 3D scene voxels. The sampling distributions for the statistical parameters of the reconstructed image are determined. Finally, hypothesis testing for the equality of the statistical parameters between reference and input data sets is performed for statistical classification of populations on the basis of sampling distribution information. It is shown that large data sets of photon-limited 3D images can be converted into sampling distributions with their own statistical parameters, resulting in a substantial data dimensionality reduction for processing.</P>

Peplography—a passive 3D photon counting imaging through scattering media

Cho, Myungjin,Javidi, Bahram OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016 Optics letters Vol.41 No.22

<P>Dynamic imaging through scattering media under natural light is a significant challenge in many applications. To overcome this challenge, we propose a new passive imaging technique in scattering media using statistical estimation and photon counting modeling. We directly detect the ballistic photons from objects in scattering media based on statistical optics and then show experimental results to support our proposed method. We have named the proposed technique 'peplography.' The word comes from Greek words (peplo; 'veiled') and (grafis; 'writing'). The peplography system directly detects ballistic photons associated with the objects from a single peplogram ('veiled image') based on statistical optics, and reconstructs the three-dimensional (3D) peplogram using integral imaging. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America</P>

Automated statistical quantification of three-dimensional morphology and mean corpuscular hemoglobin of multiple red blood cells.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram,Yi, Faliu,Boss, Daniel,Marquet, Pierre Optical Society of America 2012 Optics express Vol.20 No.9

<P>In this paper, we present an automated approach to quantify information about three-dimensional (3D) morphology, hemoglobin content and density of mature red blood cells (RBCs) using off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and statistical algorithms. The digital hologram of RBCs is recorded by a CCD camera using an off-axis interferometry setup and quantitative phase images of RBCs are obtained by a numerical reconstruction algorithm. In order to remove unnecessary parts and obtain clear targets in the reconstructed phase image with many RBCs, the marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm is applied to the phase image. Each RBC in the segmented phase image is three-dimensionally investigated. Characteristic properties such as projected cell surface, average phase, sphericity coefficient, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH surface density of each RBC is quantitatively measured. We experimentally demonstrate that joint statistical distributions of the characteristic parameters of RBCs can be obtained by our algorithm and efficiently used as a feature pattern to discriminate between RBC populations that differ in shape and hemoglobin content. Our study opens the possibility of automated RBC quantitative analysis suitable for the rapid classification of a large number of RBCs from an individual blood specimen, which is a fundamental step to develop a diagnostic approach based on DHM.</P>

Automated Three-Dimensional Identification and Tracking of Micro/Nanobiological Organisms by Computational Holographic Microscopy

Inkyu Moon,Daneshpanah, M.,Javidi, B.,Stern, A. IEEE 2009 Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Ele Vol.97 No.6

<P>The ability to sense, track, identify, and monitor biological micro/nanoorganisms in a real-time, automated, and integrated system is of great importance from both scientific and technological standpoints. Such a system and its possible variants would have numerous applications in a wide spectrum of fields, including defense against biological warfare, disease control, environmental health and safety, and medical treatments. In this paper, we review a comprehensive mixture of optical and computational tools developed in our group aiming at real-time sensing and recognition of biological microorganisms. Digital in-line holographic microscopy is used with both coherent and partially coherent illumination to probe the specimen interferometrically. The interference pattern is then recorded on an optoelectronic image sensor and transferred to a computer where special statistical algorithms are performed to segment, recognize, and track the microorganisms within the field of view of the microscope. The advantages of proposed holographic sensing are described compared to conventional two-dimensional imaging systems. In addition, the theoretical aspects and fundamental limitations of digital in-line holographic microscopy are discussed, which determine the relationship between system parameters and achievable performance. The proposed optical-digital integrated system for automated, real-time sensing and recognition of biological microorganisms has been deemed promising with the potential of widespread application. We demonstrate how the proposed techniques function together in a series of experiments.</P>

Recent Developments in 3-D Imaging Technologies

Son, Jung-Young,Javidi, Bahram,Yano, Sumio,Choi, Kyu-Hwan IEEE 2010 Journal of display technology Vol.6 No.10

<P>Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies that have been developed recently are reviewed. In recent years, many new progresses in the 3D imaging have been made but most of them provide more practical solutions to comply with the commercialization efforts of the 3D imaging. Based on time-multiplexing, revisiting the stereoscopic imaging methods is one of the solutions to make possible each view image has the full panel resolution. The rapid progresses of high speed LCDs and the initiation of stereoscopic imaging service to mobile phones have made the method possible. The efforts also encouraged more concerns in evaluating 3-D image quality and identifying factors affecting the quality. In this respect, in-depth analysis has been done for the multiview imaging methods, and other forms of multiview 3D image display methods, such as the focused image/pixel array of multiview images are also analyzed.</P>

Characterisation of natural hydroxyapatite extracted from bovine cortical bone ash

M. E. Bahrololoom,M. Javidi,J. Ma,S. Javadpour 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2009 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.10 No.2

Hydroxyapatite powder was prepared by burning bone and heat treating the bone ash obtained at 600-1100℃ in an air furnace. The black ash was converted to a white powder after heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy indicated that the white powder was hydroxyapatite and did not contain any organic components of the bone. Furthermore, phase transformation of the resulting hydroxyapatite to other calcium phosphate phases did not occur up to 1100℃. X-ray fluorescence analyses revealed that calcium and phosphorous were the main elements and magnesium and sodium were present as minor impurities. The results of the energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio of this natural hydroxyapatite varies between 1.46 and 2.01. The resulting material was found to be thermally stable up to 1100℃. The density of natural hydroxyapatite heat treated at 800℃ was measured to be 3.187 cm³. Hydroxyapatite powder was prepared by burning bone and heat treating the bone ash obtained at 600-1100℃ in an air furnace. The black ash was converted to a white powder after heat treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy indicated that the white powder was hydroxyapatite and did not contain any organic components of the bone. Furthermore, phase transformation of the resulting hydroxyapatite to other calcium phosphate phases did not occur up to 1100℃. X-ray fluorescence analyses revealed that calcium and phosphorous were the main elements and magnesium and sodium were present as minor impurities. The results of the energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the Ca/P ratio of this natural hydroxyapatite varies between 1.46 and 2.01. The resulting material was found to be thermally stable up to 1100℃. The density of natural hydroxyapatite heat treated at 800℃ was measured to be 3.187 cm³.

Evaluating the effect of 3D sandwich infill panels on the progressive collapse potential of steel structures with extensive initial damage

Seyed Shaker Hashemi,Saeid Javidi,Mehrnaz Chubineh,Mohammad Vaghefi 한국강구조학회 2022 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.22 No.4

Studying the potential of progressive collapse in structures is a new topic in the fi eld of passive defense and has attracted the attention of many researchers, recently. This research investigates the behavior of steel structures with 3D sandwich infi ll panels after extensive damage. For this purpose, several moment resisting steel frames with diff erent numbers of stories and span length to story height ratios are investigated. The steel frames have infi ll panels with 30, 50 and 100% of openings, and the initial widespread damage scenarios are consisted of removing 2 and 3 columns with their adjacent infi ll panels. The results show that the presence of the infi ll panel reduces the ductility of the structure by increasing the stiff ness and prevents the extra rotation of the structural elements, signifi cantly. On the other hand, infi ll panels can reduce the potential of progressive collapse by increasing the continuity and participating in transferring the extra load. According to the results, the frames without infi ll panels do not withstand the scenario of progressive collapse in extensive initial damage, however, infi ll panels help the 6 and 9-story studied structures survive regardless of their span length to story height ratios.

Automated segmentation of multiple red blood cells with digital holographic microscopy.

Yi, Faliu,Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram,Boss, Daniel,Marquet, Pierre SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engine 2013 Journal of biomedical optics Vol.18 No.2

<P>We present a method to automatically segment red blood cells (RBCs) visualized by digital holographic microscopy (DHM), which is based on the marker-controlled watershed algorithm. Quantitative phase images of RBCs can be obtained by using off-axis DHM along to provide some important information about each RBC, including size, shape, volume, hemoglobin content, etc. The most important process of segmentation based on marker-controlled watershed is to perform an accurate localization of internal and external markers. Here, we first obtain the binary image via Otsu algorithm. Then, we apply morphological operations to the binary image to get the internal markers. We then apply the distance transform algorithm combined with the watershed algorithm to generate external markers based on internal markers. Finally, combining the internal and external markers, we modify the original gradient image and apply the watershed algorithm. By appropriately identifying the internal and external markers, the problems of oversegmentation and undersegmentation are avoided. Furthermore, the internal and external parts of the RBCs phase image can also be segmented by using the marker-controlled watershed combined with our method, which can identify the internal and external markers appropriately. Our experimental results show that the proposed method achieves good performance in terms of segmenting RBCs and could thus be helpful when combined with an automated classification of RBCs.</P>