Current Situation and Improvement Strategies on the Philippines Rice Industry

Joon-Keun Park,Jamalludin Sulaiman,Kyung-Hwan Song,Pyung-Sik Park 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

1. 쌀은 필리핀의 주식이기 때문에 쌀 가격의 작은 변화는 필리핀인들의 삶에 심각한 영향을 준다. 필리핀은 1870년대 이후 쌀의 순수입국이었다. 2. 최근에는 필리핀이 매년 약 200만 톤의 쌀을 수입하고 있다. 이와 같은 상황은 최근에 한국과 같은 쌀 수입국들에 참고가 될 수 있는 여러 가지 이유 때문에 악화되었다. 3. 벼의 관개농지는 필리핀 전체 벼 재배면적 430만ha의 1/3이 조금 넘는 수준이다. 따라서 최근 10년간 쌀의 평균수량은 정미 2,324 kg/ha 수준이다. 비료와 수송 및 기타 재료와 같은 상대적 재료비는 정미의 생산비를 인상시켜서 $0.33 /kg 수준이다. 4. 필리핀 쌀 산업을 발전시켜 외국쌀의 수입을 감축하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 과감한 R&D 투자가 이뤄져야 한다. 또한 관개시설과 과학영농, 하부구조 등의 향상이 절실하다. 관개지에서의 쌀 생산성이 천수답에 비하여 평균 40% 이상 높기 때문에 관개시설에 대한 투자가 매우 중요하다. 5. 균형 잡힌 식량경제를 위해서는 빠른 인구증가율의 둔화도 필요하다. 6. 최근에 많은 옥수수 소비자들이 쌀의 소비자로 전이되고 있다. 이러한 현상은 옥수수의 식품으로서의 맛이 개량되거나 요리법의 개선이 요구되며 밭벼, 찰옥수수, 카사바등의 식용을 확대할 필요가 있다. 7. 전국적으로 7,107개의 섬에 흩어져 있는 주민들에게 쌀을 보다 저렴한 비용으로 공급하기 위해서는 효율적인 쌀의 유통구조로 변혁이 실현되어야 한다. Since rice is the staple food in the Philippines, a slight change in the price of rice will greatly affect the life of the Filipinos. The Philippines have been a net importer of rice ever since 1870s. This rice situation has been getting worse in recent years due to many reasons that may give some hints to rice importing countries like Korea. The Philippines have imported about 2.0 million MT per year recently. Irrigational land accounts for slightly more than 1/3 of total rice acreage of 4.3 million ha. Average yield of rice has been about 2,324 kg/ha in milled basis during the last decade. Relatively higher factor costs such as fertilizers, transportation and other materials contribute to higher production costs leading to $0.33 /kg in milled basis. In order to promote the rice industry and reduce foreign import, rigorous investments in R&D should be made among other things. Proper post-harvest handling and technologies are needed so as to reduce losses and improve the rice quality. Also improvements in irrigational system, scientific farming, infrastructure, etc. are necessary. On demand side, rapid growth rate of population should be curved down for the balanced food economy. Finally, efficient rice marketing is needed in order to distribute rice at cheaper costs to the residents of 7,107 islands.

CT Based 3-Dimensional Treatment Planning of Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Cancer of the Cervix : Comparison between Dose-Volume Histograms and ICRU Point Doses to the Rectum and Bladder

Hashim, Natasha,Jamalludin, Zulaikha,Ung, Ngie Min,Ho, Gwo Fuang,Malik, Rozita Abdul,Ee Phua, Vincent Chee Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.13

Background: CT based brachytherapy allows 3-dimensional (3D) assessment of organs at risk (OAR) doses with dose volume histograms (DVHs). The purpose of this study was to compare computed tomography (CT) based volumetric calculations and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) reference-point estimates of radiation doses to the bladder and rectum in patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT). Materials and Methods: Between March 2011 and May 2012, 20 patients were treated with 55 fractions of brachytherapy using tandem and ovoids and underwent post-implant CT scans. The external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) dose was 48.6Gy in 27 fractions. HDR brachytherapy was delivered to a dose of 21 Gy in three fractions. The ICRU bladder and rectum point doses along with 4 additional rectal points were recorded. The maximum dose ($D_{Max}$) to rectum was the highest recorded dose at one of these five points. Using the HDRplus 2.6 brachyhtherapy treatment planning system, the bladder and rectum were retrospectively contoured on the 55 CT datasets. The DVHs for rectum and bladder were calculated and the minimum doses to the highest irradiated 2cc area of rectum and bladder were recorded ($D_{2cc}$) for all individual fractions. The mean $D_{2cc}$ of rectum was compared to the means of ICRU rectal point and rectal $D_{Max}$ using the Student's t-test. The mean $D_{2cc}$ of bladder was compared with the mean ICRU bladder point using the same statistical test. The total dose, combining EBRT and HDR brachytherapy, were biologically normalized to the conventional 2 Gy/fraction using the linear-quadratic model. (${\alpha}/{\beta}$ value of 10 Gy for target, 3 Gy for organs at risk). Results: The total prescribed dose was $77.5Gy{\alpha}/{\beta}10$. The mean dose to the rectum was $4.58{\pm}1.22Gy$ for $D_{2cc}$, $3.76{\pm}0.65Gy$ at $D_{ICRU}$ and $4.75{\pm}1.01Gy$ at $D_{Max}$. The mean rectal $D_{2cc}$ dose differed significantly from the mean dose calculated at the ICRU reference point (p<0.005); the mean difference was 0.82 Gy (0.48-1.19Gy). The mean EQD2 was $68.52{\pm}7.24Gy_{{\alpha}/{\beta}3}$ for $D_{2cc}$, $61.71{\pm}2.77Gy_{{\alpha}/{\beta}3}$ at $D_{ICRU}$ and $69.24{\pm}6.02Gy_{{\alpha}/{\beta}3}$ at $D_{Max}$. The mean ratio of $D_{2cc}$ rectum to $D_{ICRU}$ rectum was 1.25 and the mean ratio of $D_{2cc}$ rectum to $D_{Max}$ rectum was 0.98 for all individual fractions. The mean dose to the bladder was $6.00{\pm}1.90Gy$ for $D_{2cc}$ and $5.10{\pm}2.03Gy$ at $D_{ICRU}$. However, the mean $D_{2cc}$ dose did not differ significantly from the mean dose calculated at the ICRU reference point (p=0.307); the mean difference was 0.90 Gy (0.49-1.25Gy). The mean EQD2 was $81.85{\pm}13.03Gy_{{\alpha}/{\beta}3}$ for $D_{2cc}$ and $74.11{\pm}19.39Gy_{{\alpha}/{\beta}3}$ at $D_{ICRU}$. The mean ratio of $D_{2cc}$ bladder to $D_{ICRU}$ bladder was 1.24. In the majority of applications, the maximum dose point was not the ICRU point. On average, the rectum received 77% and bladder received 92% of the prescribed dose. Conclusions: OARs doses assessed by DVH criteria were higher than ICRU point doses. Our data suggest that the estimated dose to the ICRU bladder point may be a reasonable surrogate for the $D_{2cc}$ and rectal $D_{Max}$ for $D_{2cc}$. However, the dose to the ICRU rectal point does not appear to be a reasonable surrogate for the $D_{2cc}$.

연구논문 : 사회과학 ; 필리핀 쌀 산업 현황과 발전전략

박준근 ( Joon Keun Park ),( Jamalludin Sulaiman ),송경환 ( Kyung Hwan Song ),박평식 ( Pyung Sik Park ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2012 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

1. 쌀은 필리핀의 주식이기 때문에 쌀 가격의 작은 변화는 필리핀인들의 삶에 심각한 영향을 준다. 필리핀은 1870년대 이후 쌀의 순수입국이었다. 2. 최근에는 필리핀이 매년 약 200만 톤의 쌀을 수입하고 있다. 이와 같은 상황은 최근에 한국과 같은 쌀 수입국들에 참고가 될 수 있는 여러 가지 이유 때문에 악화되었다. 3. 벼의 관개농지는 필리핀 전체 벼 재배면적 430만ha의 1/3이 조금 넘는 수준이다. 따라서 최근 10년간 쌀의 평균 수량은 정미 2,324 kg/ha 수준이다. 비료와 수송 및 기타 재료와 같은 상대적 재료비는 정미의 생산비를 인상시켜서 $0.33 /kg 수준이다. 4. 필리핀 쌀 산업을 발전시켜 외국쌀의 수입을 감축하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 과감한 R&D 투자가 이뤄져야 한다. 또한 관개시설과 과학영농, 하부구조 등의 향상이 절실하다. 관개지에서의 쌀 생산성이 천수답에 비하여 평균 40% 이상 높기 때문에 관개시설에 대한 투자가 매우 중요하다. 5. 균형 잡힌 식량경제를 위해서는 빠른 인구증가율의 둔화도 필요하다. 6. 최근에 많은 옥수수 소비자들이 쌀의 소비자로 전이되고 있다. 이러한 현상은 옥수수의 식품으로서의 맛이 개량되거나 요리법의 개선이 요구되며 밭벼, 찰옥수수, 카사바 등의 식용을 확대할 필요가 있다. 7. 전국적으로 7,107개의 섬에 흩어져 있는 주민들에게 쌀을 보다 저렴한 비용으로 공급하기 위해서는 효율적인 쌀의 유통구조로 변혁이 실현되어야 한다. Since rice is the staple food in the Philippines, a slight change in the price of rice will greatly affect the life of the Filipinos. The Philippines have been a net importer of rice ever since 1870s. This rice situation has been getting worse in recent years due to many reasons that may give some hints to rice importing countries like Korea. The Philippines have imported about 2.0 million MT per year recently. Irrigational land accounts for slightly more than 1/3 of total rice acreage of 4.3 million ha, Average yield of rice has been about 2,324 kg/ha in milled basis during the last decade. Relatively higher factor costs such as fertilizers, transportation and other materials contribute to higher production costs leading to $0.33 /kg in milled basis. In order to promote the rice industry and reduce foreign import, rigorous investments in R&D should be made among other things. Proper post-harvest handling and technologies are needed so as to reduce losses and improve the rice quality. Also improvements in irrigational system, scientific farming, infrastructure, etc. are necessary. On demand side, rapid growth rate of population should be curved down for the balanced food economy. Finally, efficient rice marketing is needed in order to distribute rice at cheaper costs to the residents of 7,107 islands.

Depressive Symptoms in Newly Diagnosed Lung Carcinoma: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

Shahedah, K.K.,How, S.H.,Jamalludin, A.R.,Mohd Faiz, M.T.,Kuan, Y.C.,Ong, C.K. The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.3

Background: Depression is a recognized complication of lung cancer underreported in developing countries such as Malaysia. Treating and identifying depression in cancer patients increases survival and quality of life. Our objectives are to study prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed lung carcinoma, and examine the relationship of depressive symptoms with other influencing risk factors. Methods: A 2-year, cross sectional study February 2015-February 2017, was conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, and Penang General Hospital. One hundred and three patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy confirmed primary lung carcinoma were recruited. Self-rated patient's identification sheet, validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), and Dukes University Religion Index score from three different main languages were used. Results: Prevalence of current depressive symptoms (CES-D total score ${\geq}16$) is 37.9%. The result suggests prevalence of those at high risk of moderate to major depression, may need treatment. Multivariate analysis reveals those with good Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group factor (${\eta}2=0.24$, p<0.001) married (${\eta}2=0.14$, p<0.001) with intrinsic religiosity (IR) (${\eta}2=0.07$, p<0.02) are more resistant to depression. Conclusion: One in three of lung carcinoma patients, are at increased risk for depression. Clinicians should be aware that risk is highest in those with poor performance status, single, and with poor IR. We suggest routine screening of depression symptoms as it is feasible, to be performed during a regular clinic visit with immediate referral to psychiatrist when indicated.

Depressive Symptoms in Newly Diagnosed Lung Carcinoma: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

( K. K. Shahedah ),( S. H. How ),( A. R. Jamalludin ),( M. T. Mohd Faiz ),( Y. C. Kuan ),( C. K. Ong ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.3

Background: Depression is a recognized complication of lung cancer underreported in developing countries such as Malaysia. Treating and identifying depression in cancer patients increases survival and quality of life. Our objectives are to study prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed lung carcinoma, and examine the relationship of depressive symptoms with other influencing risk factors. Methods: A 2-year, cross sectional study February 2015-February 2017, was conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, and Penang General Hospital. One hundred and three patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy confirmed primary lung carcinoma were recruited. Self-rated patient’s identification sheet, validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), and Dukes University Religion Index score from three different main languages were used. Results: Prevalence of current depressive symptoms (CES-D total score ≥16) is 37.9%. The result suggests prevalence of those at high risk of moderate to major depression, may need treatment. Multivariate analysis reveals those with good Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group factor (η²=0.24, p<0.001) married (η²=0.14, p<0.001) with intrinsic religiosity (IR) (η²=0.07, p<0.02) are more resistant to depression. Conclusion: One in three of lung carcinoma patients, are at increased risk for depression. Clinicians should be aware that risk is highest in those with poor performance status, single, and with poor IR. We suggest routine screening of depression symptoms as it is feasible, to be performed during a regular clinic visit with immediate referral to psychiatrist when indicated.

Depressive Symptoms in Newly Diagnosed Lung Carcinoma: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors

K. K. Shahedah, M.Med.,S. H. How, M.Med.,A. R. Jamalludin, M.P.H.,M. T. Mohd Faiz, M.Med.,Y. C. Kuan, M.R.C.P.,C. K. Ong, M.R.C.P. 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.3

Background: Depression is a recognized complication of lung cancer underreported in developing countries such as Malaysia. Treating and identifying depression in cancer patients increases survival and quality of life. Our objectives are to study prevalence of depressive symptoms in newly diagnosed lung carcinoma, and examine the relationship of depressive symptoms with other influencing risk factors. Methods: A 2-year, cross sectional study February 2015–February 2017, was conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, and Penang General Hospital. One hundred and three patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy confirmed primary lung carcinoma were recruited. Self-rated patient’s identification sheet, validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), and Dukes University Religion Index score from three different main languages were used. Results: Prevalence of current depressive symptoms (CES-D total score ≥16) is 37.9%. The result suggests prevalence of those at high risk of moderate to major depression, may need treatment. Multivariate analysis reveals those with good Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group factor (η2=0.24, p<0.001) married (η2=0.14, p<0.001) with intrinsic religiosity (IR) (η2=0.07, p<0.02) are more resistant to depression. Conclusion: One in three of lung carcinoma patients, are at increased risk for depression. Clinicians should be aware that risk is highest in those with poor performance status, single, and with poor IR. We suggest routine screening of depression symptoms as it is feasible, to be performed during a regular clinic visit with immediate referral to psychiatrist when indicated.