Three-dimensional recognition of photon-starved events using computational integral imaging and statistical sampling.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram Optical Society of America 2009 Optics letters Vol.34 No.6

<P>We present a statistical approach to recognize three-dimensional (3D) objects with a small number of photons captured by using integral imaging (II). For 3D recognition of the events, the photon-limited elemental image set of a 3D object is obtained using the II technique. A computational geometrical ray propagation algorithm and the parametric maximum likelihood estimator are applied to the photon-limited elemental image set to reconstruct the irradiance of the original 3D scene voxels. The sampling distributions for the statistical parameters of the reconstructed image are determined. Finally, hypothesis testing for the equality of the statistical parameters between reference and input data sets is performed for statistical classification of populations on the basis of sampling distribution information. It is shown that large data sets of photon-limited 3D images can be converted into sampling distributions with their own statistical parameters, resulting in a substantial data dimensionality reduction for processing.</P>

Automated quantitative analysis of multiple cardiomyocytes at the single-cell level with three-dimensional holographic imaging informatics

Moon, Inkyu,Jaferzadeh, Keyvan,Ahmadzadeh, Ezat,Javidi, Bahram Wiley (John WileySons) 2018 Journal of biophotonics Vol.11 No.12

Avalanche and bit independence characteristics of double random phase encoding in the Fourier and Fresnel domains.

Moon, Inkyu,Yi, Faliu,Lee, Yeon H,Javidi, Bahram Optical Society of America 2014 Journal of the Optical Society of America A Vol.31 No.5

<P>In this work, we evaluate the avalanche effect and bit independence properties of the double random phase encoding (DRPE) algorithm in the Fourier and Fresnel domains. Experimental results show that DRPE has excellent bit independence characteristics in both the Fourier and Fresnel domains. However, DRPE achieves better avalanche effect results in the Fresnel domain than in the Fourier domain. DRPE gives especially poor avalanche effect results in the Fourier domain when only one bit is changed in the plaintext or in the encryption key. Despite this, DRPE shows satisfactory avalanche effect results in the Fresnel domain when any other number of bits changes in the plaintext or in the encryption key. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the avalanche effect and bit independence behaviors of optical encryption approaches for bit units.</P>

Automated tracking of temporal displacements of a red blood cell obtained by time-lapse digital holographic microscopy

Moon, Inkyu,Yi, Faliu,Rappaz, Benjamin The Optical Society 2016 Applied Optics Vol.55 No.3

<P>Red blood cell (RBC) phase images that are numerically reconstructed by digital holographic microscopy (DHM) can describe the cell structure and dynamics information beneficial for a quantitative analysis of RBCs. However, RBCs investigated with time-lapse DHM undergo temporal displacements when their membranes are loosely attached to the substrate during sedimentation on a glass surface or due to the microscope drift. Therefore, we need to develop a tracking algorithm to localize the same RBC among RBC image sequences and dynamically monitor its biophysical cell parameters; this information is helpful for studies on RBC-related diseases and drug tests. Here, we propose a method, which is a combination of the mean-shift algorithm and Kalman filter, to track a single RBC and demonstrate that the optical path length of the single RBC can be continually extracted from the tracked RBC. The Kalman filter is utilized to predict the target RBC position in the next frame. Then, the mean-shift algorithm starts execution from the predicted location, and a robust kernel, which is adaptive to changes in the RBC scale, shape, and direction, is designed to improve the accuracy of the tracking. Finally, the tracked RBC is segmented and parameters such as the RBC location are extracted to update the Kalman filter and the kernel function for mean-shift tracking; the characteristics of the target RBC are dynamically observed. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America</P>

Three-dimensional speckle-noise reduction by using coherent integral imaging.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram Optical Society of America 2009 Optics letters Vol.34 No.8

<P>We present a 3D imaging method to reduce speckle noise that exists in coherent imaging systems. This approach is based on integral imaging (II). The elemental images set having speckle-noise patterns of a 3D object is obtained by II technique under coherent illumination. The computational geometrical ray-propagation algorithm is applied to the elemental images in order to reconstruct the original 3D object. A uniform probability-density function is assumed for modeling the phase distribution of the speckle patterns. The statistical point estimator is used for 3D speckle removal. Speckle index is calculated to compare the computational reconstruction using the proposed method with that of conventional coherent image degraded by speckle patterns for 3D object reconstruction and by object recognition. Experimental results are presented. The speckle index, mean square error, and signal-to-noise ratio are used as performance metrics and are shown to have been significantly improved by the proposed method to reduce speckle noise in the 3D object reconstruction. 3D reconstruction experiments of objects with reduced speckle noise are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on 3D speckle removal using II and statistical estimation algorithms.</P>

Automated statistical quantification of three-dimensional morphology and mean corpuscular hemoglobin of multiple red blood cells.

Moon, Inkyu,Javidi, Bahram,Yi, Faliu,Boss, Daniel,Marquet, Pierre Optical Society of America 2012 Optics express Vol.20 No.9

<P>In this paper, we present an automated approach to quantify information about three-dimensional (3D) morphology, hemoglobin content and density of mature red blood cells (RBCs) using off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) and statistical algorithms. The digital hologram of RBCs is recorded by a CCD camera using an off-axis interferometry setup and quantitative phase images of RBCs are obtained by a numerical reconstruction algorithm. In order to remove unnecessary parts and obtain clear targets in the reconstructed phase image with many RBCs, the marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm is applied to the phase image. Each RBC in the segmented phase image is three-dimensionally investigated. Characteristic properties such as projected cell surface, average phase, sphericity coefficient, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH surface density of each RBC is quantitatively measured. We experimentally demonstrate that joint statistical distributions of the characteristic parameters of RBCs can be obtained by our algorithm and efficiently used as a feature pattern to discriminate between RBC populations that differ in shape and hemoglobin content. Our study opens the possibility of automated RBC quantitative analysis suitable for the rapid classification of a large number of RBCs from an individual blood specimen, which is a fundamental step to develop a diagnostic approach based on DHM.</P>

Efficient asymmetric image authentication schemes based on photon counting-double random phase encoding and RSA algorithms

Moon, Inkyu,Yi, Faliu,Han, Mingu,Lee, Jieun The Optical Society 2016 Applied Optics Vol.55 No.16

<P>Recently, double random phase encoding (DRPE) has been integrated with the photon counting (PC) imaging technique for the purpose of secure image authentication. In this scheme, the same key should be securely distributed and shared between the sender and receiver, but this is one of the most vexing problems of symmetric cryptosystems. In this study, we propose an efficient asymmetric image authentication scheme by combining the PC-DRPE and RSA algorithms, which solves key management and distribution problems. The retrieved image from the proposed authentication method contains photon-limited encrypted data obtained by means of PC-DRPE. Therefore, the original image can be protected while the retrieved image can be efficiently verified using a statistical nonlinear correlation approach. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed asymmetric image authentication method. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America</P>

Automated Three-Dimensional Identification and Tracking of Micro/Nanobiological Organisms by Computational Holographic Microscopy

Inkyu Moon,Daneshpanah, M.,Javidi, B.,Stern, A. IEEE 2009 Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Ele Vol.97 No.6

<P>The ability to sense, track, identify, and monitor biological micro/nanoorganisms in a real-time, automated, and integrated system is of great importance from both scientific and technological standpoints. Such a system and its possible variants would have numerous applications in a wide spectrum of fields, including defense against biological warfare, disease control, environmental health and safety, and medical treatments. In this paper, we review a comprehensive mixture of optical and computational tools developed in our group aiming at real-time sensing and recognition of biological microorganisms. Digital in-line holographic microscopy is used with both coherent and partially coherent illumination to probe the specimen interferometrically. The interference pattern is then recorded on an optoelectronic image sensor and transferred to a computer where special statistical algorithms are performed to segment, recognize, and track the microorganisms within the field of view of the microscope. The advantages of proposed holographic sensing are described compared to conventional two-dimensional imaging systems. In addition, the theoretical aspects and fundamental limitations of digital in-line holographic microscopy are discussed, which determine the relationship between system parameters and achievable performance. The proposed optical-digital integrated system for automated, real-time sensing and recognition of biological microorganisms has been deemed promising with the potential of widespread application. We demonstrate how the proposed techniques function together in a series of experiments.</P>

Integral Imaging Reconstruction by Using Look-up Table

Moon Inkyu, and Faliu Yi IT연구소 2011 정보기술융합공학논문지 Vol.1 No.2

Integral imaging (II) is a promising method for 3D object acquisition and display. The full color and continuous parallactic stereo image reconstructed in II can be perceived by human without the help of device such as special viewing glasses. There are pickup and reconstruction processes in II. Computational reconstruction method which has the advantage to reconstruct plane image at any distances has been widely adopted. However, for one plane image reconstruction in II, all of the elemental images, which are used to reconstruct plane image, are associated with each other. In addition, it is impossible for the traditional reconstruction method to fulfill multi-plane images reconstruction at the same time. In this paper, we have constructed a lookup table which can make the reconstruction of magnified elemental images to be independent so as to apply parallel or distributed computing to II reconstruction in the future. We will show the feasibility of this proposed lookup table for II reconstruction in this paper.

Automated quantitative analysis of 3D morphology and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in human red blood cells stored in different periods

Moon, Inkyu,Yi, Faliu,Lee, Yeon H.,Javidi, Bahram,Boss, Daniel,Marquet, Pierre The Optical Society 2013 Optics express Vol.21 No.25