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Funasaka, Yoko Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2
Epidermal cells produce a panel of antioxidants as well as cytokines after UVB irradiation, which counteract reactive oxygen species, however, how these antioxidants might regulate melanogenesis is unclear. An important constituent of the cellular antioxidant buffering system which controls the redox state of proteins is thioredoxin (TRX), a 13-kD protein that catalyzes thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, regulates activation of transcription factors, and possesses several other biological functions similar to cytokines. TRX suppressed the UVB-induced production and secretion of $\alpha$-melanocyte stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH) and of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and also suppressed proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression by normal human keratinocyte (KC)s. Further, L-cysteine, N-acetyl-cysteine, $\alpha$-tocopheryl ferulate showed suppressive effect on UVB-induced POMC mRNA expression. However, TRX released from UVB-irradiated KCs stimulated melanogenesis by up-regulating MSH receptor expression and its binding activity in melanocyte (MC)s. UVB-induced KC derived cytokines such as IL1, IL6, and ET1 upregulated MSH-receptor binding ability as well as MCl-R mRNA expression in cultured normal human MCs. MCl-R has a tendency to be upregulated by UVB-induced KC-derived cytokines as well as by direct UVB irradiation. These results suggest that antioxidants such as TRX suppresses UVB induction of POMC, but in the case of MCl-R, this gene can be mainly in the trend of upregulation by UVB-induced KC-derived factors including TRX.
Efficacy evaluation on whitening cosmetics in Japan
( Yoko Funasaka ) 대한화장품학회 2002 대한화장품학회지 Vol.28 No.3
미백제는 기미와 태양광선노출에 의한 색소침착반과 같은 색소불균형이 주로 나타나는 동양 여성들에 특히 관심이 많다. 이러한 색소침착의 불균형은 UV에 의해 더 심해지기 때문에 미백제는 멜라닌합성을 억제시키거나 UV에 의해 활성화된 signal을 억제함으로써 효과가 나타난다. Eumelanin은 UV에 의해 유도된 DNA 손상을 보호하므로 UV에 의해 유도된 DNA손상을 감소시키는 물질이 이상적인 미백제가 된다. 새롭게 합성된 항산화제인 α-tocophenyl ferulate의 효과는 UV에 의해 손상된 DNA damage에 의한 보호 효과와 멜라닌 합성을 억제시킴으로서 나타난다. Chemical peeling과 복합적으로 색소 반점을 치료하는 lightning agent의 효과에 대한 결과를 보고하였으며 색소 반점의 개선을 정량적으로 평가하는 새롭게 개발된 facial image analyzer를 소개할 것이다. Whitening agents are eagerly demanded especially by oriental women who often suffers from the pigmentary disorders such as melasma and solar lentigines. As these pigmentary disorders are exacerbated by ultraviolet (UV), the whitening agents could exert its effect not only by inhibiting melanin synthesis but also by inhibiting UV activated signals. Eumelanin protects UV-induced DNA damages so that the chemicals which could reduce UV-induced DNA damages might be the ideal lightening agents. The effect of newly synthesized antioxidants, a-tocopheryl ferulate, on protective effect for UV-induced DNA damages as well as inhibiting melanin synthesis are briefly shown. For clinical evaluation, our results of the efficacy of lightening agents on treating pigment macules in combination with chemical peeling are shown. Furthermore, newly developed facial image analyzers to quantitatively evaluate the improvement of pigment macules are introduced.
Kunihiro Funasaka,Keiko Masumoto,Daichi Asakawa,Satoshi Kaneco 한국대기환경학회 2020 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.14 No.4
Long-term observational data for the size distributions and particulate chemical components have been summarized to understand the past and current particulate conditions in Osaka City. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was also applied to estimate the source changes. The observational data obtained using Andersen cascade impactors reveals that for the 40 years from fiscal year (FY) 1976 to 2015, there was a 70% reduction in PMfine (less than 2.1 μm of the aerodynamic diameter) and 76% reduction in PMcoarse (over 2.1 μm). These correspond to a 71% and 74% reduction in PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) and PM10-2.5, respectively. From the continuous chemical measurements made in this study, we observed a more than 50% reduction in coarse particulate elemental carbon (EC), SO42-, NH4+, Zn, Pb, and Cd, commonly in residential and roadside areas, over the last 20 years. Similarly, the level of the fine particulate EC, Ca2+, Cl-, Zn, Mg2+, Pb, and Cd was reduced by more than 50%. Notably, the results of the particulate component analysis of ECfine show a typical reduction of 73%-79% for 20 years, and this is the main component contributing to the reduction of atmospheric particulate concentration. However, there seems to have been no apparent reduction of Vfine concentrations, SO42- fine showed a relatively low reduction of 19% to 26%, and NH4+ fine levels fell by 14% to 21% in 20 years. Since fine sulfate and ammonium have similar behaviors, ammonium sulfate is considered to be a secondary particle aerosol because of long-range transportation. The PMF analysis still estimates a high contribution rate of secondary particles, which is one of the current problems. In contrast, although vanadium is a minor element, it is likely to be generated from harbor areas with ships because they are susceptible to the prevailing sea breeze in summer. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to scrutinize and take countermeasures not only for long-range transportation but also for domestic sources.
Tatematsu, Hidezumi,Miyahara, Ryoji,Shimoyama, Yoshie,Funasaka, Kohei,Ohno, Eizaburou,Nakamura, Masanao,Kawashima, Hiroki,Itoh, Akihiro,Ohmiya, Naoki,Hirooka, Yoshiki,Watanabe, Osamu,Maeda, Osamu,Ando Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.5
Background: A close association between patterns identified by magnifying narrow-band imaging (M-NBI) and histological type has been described. M-NBI patterns were also recently reported to be related to the mucin phenotype; however, detials remain unclear. Materials and Methods: We investigated the cellular differentiation of gastric cancer lesions, along with their mucosal distribution observed by M-NBI. Ninety-seven depressed-type early gastric cancer lesions (74 differentiated and 23 undifferentiated adenocarcinomas) were visualized by M-NBI. Findings were divided into 4 patterns based on abnormal microvascular architecture: a chain loop pattern (CLP), a fine network pattern (FNP), a corkscrew pattern (CSP), and an unclassified pattern. Mucin phenotypes were judged as gastric (G-type), intestinal (I-type), mixed gastric and intestinal (M-type), and null (N-type) based on 4 markers (MAC5AC, MUC6, MUC2, and CD10). The relationship of each pattern of microvascular architecture with organoid differentiation indicated by cancer cell differentiation and its distribution in each histological type of early gastric cancer was investigated. Results: All CLP and FNP lesions were differentiated. The cancer cell distribution showed organoid differentiation in 84.2% (16/19) and 61.1% (22/36) of the two types of lesions, respectively, and there was a significant difference from the unclassified pattern with organoid differentiation (p<0.001). Almost all (94.7%; 18/19) CSP lesions were undifferentiated, and organoid differentiation was observed in 72.2% (13/18). There was a significant difference from the unclassified pattern with organoid differentiation (p<0.05). Conclusions: Cellular differentiation and distribution are associated with microvascular architecture observed by M-NBI.