INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE, ENCOGENOUS TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, WAGE INEQUALITY AND WELFARE

DE SANTIS, ROBERTO A. 한국국제경제학회 2002 International Economic Journal Vol.16 No.3

By using alternative intra-industry trade models (1. New goods cannot be introduced into the economy; 2. The possibility for a set of capital goods available in the economy to vary; the models consider the existence of intersectoral linkages), I show by means of Applied General Equilibrium (AGE) analysis that trade rises wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers; but the impact on wage inequality is far larger, when countries are assumed to exchange differentiated capital goods. The latter result has been obtained by using an imperfect competitive model, which embodies a sector bias technological change that arises from trade. In addition, the gains from trade, insignificant under the standard trade hypotheses, are extraordinarily large when endogenous technological change is taken into account. The main policy conclusion is that if policy makers of flexible wage economies introduce trade barriers to reduce wage inequality, these protective measures, by affecting the diffusion of technology, would cause a large welfare loss. [D58, F12, F43, J3, O3]

The Impact of a Customs Union with the EU on Turkey's Welfare, Employment and Income Distribution : An AGE Model with Alternative Labour Market Structures

De Santis, Roberto A. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.2

The economic implications and the income distribution effects of the customs union(CU) between Turkey and the European Union(EU) have been studied by applying a general equilibrium model to the Turkish economy under alternative hypotheses for the labour market. The numerical results show that, regardless of the assumptions postulated for the labour market, manufacturing production and trade, in particular textiles, wearing apparel, leather and fur products, grow despite the protection loss; and the standard VAT rate has to increase to 21-22% for the trade policy to be revenue neutral. The CU is potentially Pareto superior. Urban(rural)groups are better(worse) off in the wage curve scenario, where wages and unemployment are negatively related; while urban(rural) groups are worse(better) off in the scenario with fixed or flexed or flexible real wages. Also the impact on income inequality is ambiguous, rising(declining) in the wage curve(fixed and flexible real wage) scenario. This latter result is partly driven by the large impact on income inequality between urban and rural groups. However, despite the relatively large fall in tariffs, the impact on overall income inequality is small. Regarding the impact on employment, the model predicts the creation of 68,000 new jobs in the wage curve scenario, and the loss of almost 100,000 jobs in the scenario with fixed real wages.

A Computable general Equilibrium Model for Open Economies with Imperfect Competition and Product Differentiation

De Santis, Roberto A. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.2

This paper corrects a shortcoming in the literature on computable general equilibrium models and imperfect competition with free entry and increasing returns to scale. The trade integration simulations applied to the US suggest that the shortcoming is quantitatively insignificant if key conditions are fulfilled. The model also shows how to incorporate iceberg trade costs in both constant and increaseing returns to scale sectors. A fall in trade costs can have a large impact on welfare as less resources are wasted. In addition, the same model is proposed for competition policy experiments against illegal collaboration amomg competitors. The result of the simulations provide interesting insights, showing extraordinarily large welfare gains if competition policies are introduced to break the collusive behaviour in the US market among either domestic firms or foreign firms. However, if these policies are brought in to weaken the collusive behaviour among exporting firms, then a welfare loss can be generated because of a large deterioration of terms of trade.

The Impact of a Customs Union with the EU on Turkey`s Welfare, Employment and Income Distribution: An AGE Model with Alternative Labour Market Structures

( Robert A. De Santis ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2000 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.15 No.2

The economic implications and the income distribution effects of the customs union (CU) between Turkey and the European Union (EU) have been studied by applying a general equilibrium model to the Turkish economy under alternative hypotheses for the labour market. The numerical results show that, regardless of the assumptions postulated for the labour market, manufacturing production and trade, in particular textiles, wearing apparel, leather and fur products, grow despite the protection loss; and the standard VAT rate has to increase to 21-22% for the trade policy to be revenue neutral. The CU is potentially Pareto superior. Urban (rural) groups are better (worse) off in the wage curve scenario, where wages and unemployment are negatively related; while urban (rural) groups are worse (better) off in the scenario with fixed or flexible real wages. Also the impact on income inequality is ambiguous, rising (declining) in the wage curve (fixed and flexible real wage) scenario. This latter result is partly driven by the large impact on income inequality between urban and rural groups. However, despite the relatively large fall in tariffs, the impact on overall income inequality is small. Regarding the impact on employment, the model predicts the creation of 68,000 new jobs in the wage curve scenario, and the loss of almost 100,000 jobs in the scenario with fixed real wages. (JEL Classifications: D58, F14, F15, F17)

A Computable General Equilibrium Model for Open Economies with Imperfect Competition and Product Differentiation

( Roberto A. De Santis ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2002 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.17 No.2

This paper corrects a shortcoming in the literature on computable general equilibrium models and imperfect competition with free entry and increasing returns to scale. The trade integration simulations applied to the US suggest that the shortcoming is quantitatively insignificant if key conditions are fulfilled. The model also shows how to incorporate iceberg trade costs in both constant and increasing returns to scale sectors. A fall in trade costs can have a large impact on welfare as less resources are wasted. In addition, the same model is proposed for competition policy experiments against illegal collaboration among competitors. The results of the simulations provide interesting insights, showing extraordinarily large welfare gains if competition policies are introduced to break the collusive behaviour in the US market among either domestic firms or foreign firms. However, if these policies are brought in to weaken the collusive behaviour among exporting firms, then a welfare loss can be generated because of a large deterioration of terms of trade.

The 1990 Trade Liberalisation Policy of Turkey : An Applied General Equilibrium Assessment

(Roberto A . De Santis) 한국국제경제학회 2001 International Economic Journal Vol.15 No.2

Trade Patterns and Welfare

( Roberto A. De Santis ),( Frank Stahler ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.2

By employing a model with international trade costs and imperfect competition, in which a domestic firm serves both the domestic market and the foreign market, we show that intraindustry trade compared to intersectoral trade is globally, but not mutually, welfare improving. When also foreign firms become active, competition strengthens but domestic welfare declines, because domestic consumers have to bear trade costs.

The NPR1 family of transcription cofactors in papaya: insights into its structure, phylogeny and expression

Santy Peraza-Echeverria,Jorge M. Santamaría,Gabriela Fuentes,Mariana de los Ángeles Menéndez-Cerón,Miguel Ángel Vallejo-Reyna,Virginia Aurora Herrera-Valencia 한국유전학회 2012 Genes & Genomics Vol.34 No.4

The NPR1 (non-expressor of pathogenesis related gene 1) gene was initially identified in Arabidopsis as a master regulator of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Five additional NPR1 homologues have been identified in Arabidopsis whose function range from regulators of SAR to plant development. In the present study, we characterized the structure, phylogeny and expression of the NPR1 family in papaya (Carica papaya L.), one of the most important tropical fruit crops. We identified four NPR1 homologues in the papaya genome sequence (CpNPR1 to CpNPR4). Overall, the four papaya predicted NPR1 proteins showed the characteristic BTB/POZ and ankyrin domains of the Arabidopsis NPR1 family. Twelve additional open reading frames showing homology to retrotransposon elements or genes involved in different physiological processes were found in close proximity to the papaya NPR1homologues. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the papaya NPR1 sequences resolved in three clades, each clade containing two Arabidopsis NPR1 homologues involved either in the positive regulation of SAR (clade I), negative regulation of SAR (clade II) or plant development (clade III), suggesting a similar function for the corresponding papaya NPR1homologues. Furthermore, the expression of the four papaya NPR1 homologues was detected in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. The present study has provided the first comparative analysis of the NPR1 family in a tropical fruit crop and expanded our knowledge on this type of genes in dicotyledoneous plants. The identification of the full set of papaya NPR1 homologues will pave the way for their systematic functional analysis and new opportunities for engineering disease resistance in this crop.

SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection after mRNA-1273 Booster among CoronaVac-Vaccinated Healthcare Workers

Santi Theresia,Kamarga Lina,De Samakto Baringin,Jo Juandy 대한감염학회 2022 Infection and Chemotherapy Vol.54 No.4

It remains unknown whether the Indonesian healthcare workers (HCWs) who had received two doses of CoronaVac vaccine and one dose of mRNA-1273 booster could be protected during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron wave. In total, 125 infection-naïve and 10 previously infected HCWs were recruited. The mRNA-1273 booster substantially increased titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain antibodies. However, the monitoring revealed that 34 out of 125 infection-naïve (27.2%) and 3 out of 10 previously infected HCWs (30.0%) were infected during the Omicron wave. All infected HCWs were either asymptomatic or having mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and subsequently fully recovered, supporting the heterologous prime-boost strategy against COVID-19.

Heterologous prime-boost with the mRNA-1273 vaccine among CoronaVac-vaccinated healthcare workers in Indonesia

Theresia Santi,Veli Sungono,Lina Kamarga,Baringin De Samakto,Ferry Hidayat,Feronica Kusuma Hidayat,Magy Satolom,Anita Permana,Irawan Yusuf,Ivet Marita Suriapranata,Juandy Jo 대한백신학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate humoral immune response and adverse events upon the heterologous prime-boost with a single dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine among fully CoronaVac-vaccinated, infection-naïve healthcare workers in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-five eligible healthcare workers were recruited from one hospital for this prospective cohort study. Blood collection was conducted twice, i.e., on 7 days before and 28 days after the booster vaccination. The titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies was quantified accordingly. The post-vaccination adverse event was recorded for both CoronaVac and mRNA-1273 vaccinations. Any breakthrough infection was monitored during the follow-up period. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to test differences between groups. Results: A significant increase was observed in the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies upon receiving the mRNA-1273 booster (geometric mean titers of 65.57 and 47,445 U/mL in pre- and post-booster, respectively), supporting the argument to use heterologous prime-boost vaccination to improve the protection against COVID-19 in a high-risk population. The mRNA-1273 vaccine, however, caused a higher frequency of adverse events than the CoronaVac vaccine. Nonetheless, the adverse events were considered minor medical events and temporary as all subjects were not hospitalized and fully recovered. Of note, no breakthrough infection was observed during the follow-up to 12 weeks post-booster. Conclusion: The heterologous prime-boost vaccination of healthcare workers with a single dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine generated a significant elevation in humoral immune response towards RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and was associated with a higher frequency, but minor and transient, adverse events.