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Evidence of Liquid-Liquid Demixing During Bi-Soft Segment Polyurethane Prepolymerization
Christian Wenning,Jens Noe,Stéphan Barbe,Marc C. Leimenstoll 한국고분자학회 2018 Macromolecular Research Vol.26 No.5
Bi-soft segment isocyanate-terminated polyurethanes (ITPUs) currently play a major role in the industrial production of high performance polyurethanes (adhesives, coating, foams, thermoplastics, nanoparticles, dispersion). The present contribution reports on the investigation of liquid-liquid demixing phenomena during the synthesis of bi-soft segment ITPUs. For this purpose, a dedicated experimental setup based on coupled in-line reaction monitoring via UV/Vis and FTIR technique was developed. It was used to monitor phase separation and reaction progress in the course of a prepolymerization using 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate and a polyether polyol mixture. Such phenomena may have a great impact on reaction kinetics and product quality. Furthermore, in-line FTIR analysis appeared to be sensitive to phase separation processes in the way that it predominantly detects the continuous phase rather than the dispersed droplets.
A miR-155–Peli1–c-Rel pathway controls the generation and function of T follicular helper cells
Liu, Wen-Hsien,Kang, Seung Goo,Huang, Zhe,Wu, Cheng-Jang,Jin, Hyun Yong,Maine, Christian J.,Liu, Yi,Shepherd, Jovan,Sabouri-Ghomi, Mohsen,Gonzalez-Martin, Alicia,Xu, Shunbin,Hoffmann, Alexander,Zheng, The Rockefeller University Press 2016 The Journal of experimental medicine Vol.213 No.9
<P>MicroRNA (miRNA) deficiency impairs the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, but the contribution of individual miRNAs to this phenotype remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed deep sequencing analysis of miRNAs expressed in Tfh cells and identified a five-miRNA signature. Analyses of mutant mice deficient of these miRNAs revealed that miR-22 and miR-183/96/182 are dispensable, but miR-155 is essential for the generation and function of Tfh cells. miR-155 deficiency led to decreased proliferation specifically at the late stage of Tfh cell differentiation and reduced CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on antigen-specific CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Mechanistically, miR-155 repressed the expression of Peli1, a ubiquitin ligase that promotes the degradation of the NF-κB family transcription factor c-Rel, which controls cellular proliferation and CD40L expression. Therefore, our study identifies a novel miR-155–Peli1–c-Rel pathway that specifically regulates Tfh cell generation and function.</P>