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- 저자 : Andres E Rivas (검색결과 2 건)
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THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF "GRUPO" AND FOREIGN CONTROLLED BANKS IN LATIN AMERICA
K Steven Lovell,Andres E Rivas,Dave Jackson People&Global Business Association 2005 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.10 No.1
Bank efficiency studies in Latin America document that foreign banks are more efficient than local banks, but they do not isolate the performance of banks that are a part of business groups ("Grupos"). We investigate the efficiency of Grupos as compared to foreign banks and find that in the more economically free market of Chile, Grupo banks are more efficient but find no significant difference in the less economically free markets of Brazil and Mexico. We attribute our findings to agency issues, which affect both foreign and Grupo banks causing inefficient resource usage in less economically free markets. In more economically free markets, we attribute differences to increased availability of capital.
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Phenomenology of high-ozone episodes in NE Spain
Querol, Xavier,Gangoiti, Gotzon,Mantilla, Enrique,Alastuey, André,s,Minguilló,n, Maria Cruz,Amato, Fulvio,Reche, Cristina,Viana, Mar,Moreno, Teresa,Karanasiou, Angeliki,Rivas, Ioar,P&eacut Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.17 No.4
<P>Abstract. Ground-level and vertical measurements (performed using tethered and non-tethered balloons), coupled with modelling, of ozone (O3), other gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, CO, SO2) and aerosols were carried out in the plains (Vic Plain) and valleys of the northern region of the Barcelona metropolitan area (BMA) in July 2015, an area typically recording the highest O3 episodes in Spain. Our results suggest that these very high O3 episodes were originated by three main contributions: (i) the surface fumigation from high O3 reservoir layers located at 1500-3000 m a.g.l. (according to modelling and non-tethered balloon measurements), and originated during the previous day(s) injections of polluted air masses at high altitude; (ii) local/regional photochemical production and transport (at lower heights) from the BMA and the surrounding coastal settlements, into the inland valleys; and (iii) external (to the study area) contributions of both O3 and precursors. These processes gave rise to maximal O3 levels in the inland plains and valleys northwards from the BMA when compared to the higher mountain sites. Thus, a maximum O3 concentration was observed within the lower tropospheric layer, characterised by an upward increase of O3 and black carbon (BC) up to around 100-200 m a.g.l. (reaching up to 300 µg m−3 of O3 as a 10 s average), followed by a decrease of both pollutants at higher altitudes, where BC and O3 concentrations alternate in layers with parallel variations, probably as a consequence of the atmospheric transport from the BMA and the return flows (to the sea) of strata injected at certain heights the previous day(s). At the highest altitudes reached in this study with the tethered balloons (900-1000 m a.g.l.) during the campaign, BC and O3 were often anti-correlated or unrelated, possibly due to a prevailing regional or even hemispheric contribution of O3 at those altitudes. In the central hours of the days a homogeneous O3 distribution was evidenced for the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere, although probably important variations could be expected at higher levels, where the high O3 return strata are injected according to the modelling results and non-tethered balloon data. Relatively low concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were found during the study, and nucleation episodes were only detected in the boundary layer. Two types of O3 episodes were identified: type A with major exceedances of the O3 information threshold (180 µg m−3 on an hourly basis) caused by a clear daily concatenation of local/regional production with accumulation (at upper levels), fumigation and direct transport from the BMA (closed circulation); and type B with regional O3 production without major recirculation (or fumigation) of the polluted BMA/regional air masses (open circulation), and relatively lower O3 levels, but still exceeding the 8 h averaged health target. To implement potential O3 control and abatement strategies two major key tasks are proposed: (i) meteorological forecasting, from June to August, to predict recirculation episodes so that NOx and VOC abatement measures can be applied before these episodes start; (ii) sensitivity analysis with high-resolution modelling to evaluate the effectiveness of these potential abatement measures of precursors for O3 reduction. </P>
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