都市工業의 成長과 構造變化 : 馬山市의 경우 the Case of Masan City

林永大 新羅大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics of manuacturing gorwth and its structural changes in the study area, and to verify whether the existing theoretical and empirical studies on the growth and structural changes of urban manufaturing are applicable to the case of study area. The scondary purpose is to find problems in its manufacturing growth and structural changes, and to search for effective devicefor solving the problems. Masan city was selected as the study area, and manufacturing growth and structural changes between 1876 and 1986 were examined. Hard data were used as the basic data. They were about the number of establishments and employees by type and size of manufacturing recorded in yearbooks and registers of firms. The major findings were as follows: 1. Manufacturing in the study area had been initiated mainly by Japanese in the study area had been initiated mainly by japanese capitals and technology since Russo-Japanese War. and there already was heavy manufacturing agglomeration in the study area in the period of Japanese rule. 2. In spite of rise and falls in the manufacturing growth of the study area. the speed and degree of manufacturing agglomeration tend to be decreased relatively. 3. Manufacturing growth of the study area was acompanied with structural changes of manufacturing: the manufacturing structure tneds to be diversified and, the change of the prominent components in the structure tend to be from such manufacturing as Foods Products. Beverages, Printing & Publishing. Wood & Cork Products, Fabrica?ed Metal Products, to such manufaturing as Textile, Fabricated Metal products, Electrical Machinery. And also the changes of the kinds of specialized manufacturing tend to be from such manfacturing as Foods Products. Foods Product, n.e.c, Beverages, Printing & Publishing to such manufacturing as Textile. Fabricated Metal Products, Electrical Machinery. As the results, such manufacturing as Textile, Fabricated Metal Products and Electrical Machinery tend to growth and to be specialized with contrast to the decrease of such manufacturing as Foods Products, Food Products, n.e.c., Beverages, Printing & Publishing and Wood & Cork Products. 4. Firm size of manutacturing in the study area tends to be enlarged, but small firms are still prominent. 5. Characteristics shown in manufacturing growth and structural change in the study area which are tendency of structural diversification, enlargement of firm size, and prominence of small firms, are the same as those of Korean manufacturing. Differences between manufactruing in the study area and Korean manufacturing are growth speed, firm size and the kinds of the prominent components in the sturcture. 6. Th growth and structual changes of manufacturing in the study area resulted mainly from national policies and geographical conditions of the study area as habour. To extract the facts relavant to the hyphtheses established in this study among the described above, they are as follows: 1. The speed and degree of manufacturing agglomeration in the study area tend to decrease.(hypothesis 1) 2. Manufacturing structure in the study tends to be diversified with the manufacturing growth, and to change the prominent components, which ?s from low value added, pre?stage manufacturing to high value added, post-stage manufacturing. (hypothesis 2) 3. The firm size in the study area tends to be enlarged.(hypothesis 3) 4. The growth and strutural changes of manufacturing resulted mainly from national policies and geographical conditions of the study area as hobour.(hypothesis 4) To verify the hypotheses established in this study on the basis of the above four facts proved that all of four hypotheses were verified positively. In conclusion, it would be possible to explain the manufacturing growth and structural changes in the study area by preceding studies, since manufacturing growth and structral changes in the study area are not so different from the cases in foreign countries. On the basis of the above facts, I found the problems in manufacturing growth and structral changes in the study area. 1. The degree of manufacturing agglomeration in the study area tends to decrease as the speed of its manufacturing growth decrease. 2. In spite of structural changes from low value added pre?stage manufacturing to high value added post-stage manufacturing. one(Textile) of five prominent manufacturing(Textile, Fabricated Metal Products, Electrical Machinery, Transport Equipment, Professional Equipment) in the structure, is the manufaturing of tends to decrease with manufacturing development. And this textile manufacturing, with manufacturing of electrical machinery, has great influences on the economy of the study area. Therefore, industrial policies inducing existing manufacturing agglomerated in the study area to the high-value-added post-stage manufacturing is necessary for solving the above problems: four prominent manufacturing of high-value-added and post-stage described above should be promoted and should be export-orienting, while textile manufactruring should be controled.

해안방재림의 경관생태학적 평가 지표 개발에 관한 연구 : 새만금 하서면 해안방재림을 대상으로

임영대,김세천 한국산림휴양학회 2009 한국산림휴양학회 학술발표회 자료집 Vol.2009 No.4월

양산군 웅상읍의 공업입지와 지역적 연계

임영대 新羅大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.48 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the industrialization process, and locational factors and linkages of manufacturing in Woongsang-Eup, a satellite town of Metropolitan Pusan. toward which heavy decentralization of manufacturing from Pusan has been done. Hard data and soft data were used as the basic data. Hard data are the statistical data in statistical yearbooks and firm list in directories. The former consist of the number of establishment and employee classified by product type, firm size and unit area(dong). The latter consist of owner's names, addresses, employee number, products and headquarters of firms. Soft data are the results of the interviews with the 74 owners of firms selected by Proportional Stratified Sampling Method. The major findings were as follows: 1. Manufacturing location in Woongsang-Eup was regularized in 1980's in which decentralization of manufacturing from Pusan was activated. Though the industrialization of the study area resulted from the birth, relocation and establishment of branches of the firms, the birth and relocation of small outer-oriented single-location firms from Pusan was the most important among them. 2. The main locational factors which induced the decentralizing manufacturing into Woongsang-Eup are land, market, transportation and raw material suppliers. 3. The changes of linkages attendant upon locational changes of firms were great and are concentrated on the linkages of labor supply. 4. The strength of linkages is strong in the procurement of materials, the subcontraction and the marketing, but not in the ordering. 5. The main factors influencing on the formation of linkages are different by types of linkages: monopolistic and oligopolistic supply are important in procurement linkages; characteristics of products and the subsequent marketing difficulties, in the subcontraction linkages; over-demands, in ordering linkages; characteristics of products and the subsequent marketing difficulties, in the marketing linkages. 6. The strength of linkages with the outside of the study area is stronger than that of the linkages with the inside. With the exception of marketing linkages, the strength of linkages with the outside has distance-decay-function and strong linkages with Pusan. 7. The spatial ranges of linkages are wider in the procurement of materials, in the subcontraction and in the marketing than in the ordering. In conclusion, some facts described above were proved to be consistent with the results of proceeding studies in the other areas: ①influence of birth and relocation of decentralizing firms on manufacturing suburbanization; ②different decentralization by products type and organizational types of firms; ③linkage changes attendant upon locational changes of firms; ④the different strength between the outside linkages and the inside linkages. Some were proved to be partly consistent: ①locational factors; ②the distance-decay function in the linkage strength. Other were proved to be inconsistent: different decentralization by firm size. I think that the results of previous studies on the other areas can be applicable to the explanation on the manufacturing location and linkages in Woongsang-Eup. For the better explanation on the suburbanization of manufacturing, more empirical case studies on the manufacturing location in the suburb are necessary.

馬山 機械工業의 立地變動

林永大 新羅大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.35 No.1

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of location and vocational changes of machinery manufacturing in Masan city, Korea and to examine whether the results of preceding studies on the location and locational changes of machinery manufacturing in the other urban areas are applicable or not to explain the location and vocational changes of the manufacturing in Masan city. For attaining this purpose, three hypotheses on the location and locational changes of machinery manufacturing were established, and these hypotheses were examined in terms of basic data collected from interviews with owners of the machinery manufacturing firms located in Masan city. The interviews have been planned to be done to the owners of 77 firms selected by Stratified-Optimum Allocation Sampling Method, and were actually done to the owners of 71 firms among them. The results were as follows: The machinery manufacturing in Masan city was initiated by potential entrepreneurs from Masan city and its vicinities who were employed in the machinery manufacturing and related industry and were stimulated by the demand of products and interest on the manufacturing. Due to smallness of firm sizes, locational advantages of owners' hometown, agglomeration, government policy, contacts with suppliers of raw materials and purchasers of products, this manufacturing was located in Masan city. Its site selection was influenced by availability of land and agglomeration. As the result of differences of investment decision and vocational characteristics in types and sizes of firms, however, these locational characteristics of the manufacturing can be subdivided into the two types: One is small sized machinery, fabricated metals, transport equipment and professional-scientific-measuring-controlling equipment manufacturing which are agglomerated in the inner part of the city, the other is large electrical machinery manufacturing which agglomerated in the outter part of the city, especcially in the Free Export Zone. The former, as the result of investment decision by potential entrepreneurs from Masan city and its vicinities and of material linkages, especially subcontracting linkages with firms in Masan and Changwon city, emphasized locational advantages of owners' hometown and contact profits with customers in the regional selection. The latter, as the result of investment decision by foreigners(Japaneses) who had contacts with capitalists or engineers and were supported by government policy and of material linkages, especially subcontraction linkages with firms in foreign(especially Japan), emphasized government policy in the regional selection. For resolving such internally-generated locational stresses as expansion, modernization and diversification of existing production lines and accessibility to customers, the outward relocation of firms was done. The spatial extent of relocation, however, was limited within short distance due to the availability of land and necessity of close contacts with customers. Examining three hypotheses established in this study on the basis of above facts, all hypotheses were examined positively but partially. This means that the locational characteristics of machinery manufacturing in Masan city are not so different from the cases of the other cities. Therefore, the results of preceding studies on the location of machinery manufacturing in other urban areas are applicable to explain the location of the manufacturing in Masan city with the exception of the peculiar locational characteristics of the manufacturing in Masan city.

大邱와 釜山의 物資流通空間에 關한 硏究 : -Gravity Model 理論과 中心地理論의 点檢을 中心으로- Mainly on the Examination of the Gravity Model Theory and the Central Place Theory

林永大 新羅大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

This study mainly deals with the spatial variations in the goods' circulation ofDaegu and Busan, and with the problem whether or not the Gravity Model Theory and the Central Place Theory is suitable for the analysis of these variations. A1so, it is intended to suggest a new approach to the study of the goods'circulation. As in my previous paper, the methods of visual comparison of maps and coefficient of correlations are introduced to examine the suitability of the Gravity Model Theory and the Central Place Theory to the study of goods' circulation. Administriltive statis- tical data of the traffic volume, population, labor forces and per national income areused for materials. The results are as follow: Whereas the spatial expansion of goods' circulation of Busan is restricted by sea, that of Daegu is unrestricted. As a result, the range of circulatiion of Daegu is not only larger than that of Busan, but also marks a consecutive distribution in all parts Of Kyeong Sang Bug Do in contrast to that of Busan being consecutive in some parts of Kyeong Sang Nam Do. However, it is a common feature that the areas of circulation are consecutive in their provinces, but in other provinces they are scattered about mainly central places where their amounts of circulation are excessive. On the other hand, it is clear again that the Gravity Model Theory is inadequate to explain the circulating space in Korea. The Gravity Model Theory insists that the amount of circulating goods between two legions is directly proportional to the potentials of the supplyinlg and demanding legions but is inversely proportional to the distance between them. It is also clear thats the Central Place Theory insisting on a hiorarchy among the circulating spaces is inadequate to explain the circulating space in Korea. That is to say, general theories of circulation such as the Gravity Mode1 Theory and the Central Place Theory which are often used on the study of circulation in spatially interdependent societies can't be used in a spatially restricted society similar to Korea, where the friction of distance is intensive because of the strong effects of the characters of circulating goods, intentions of purchasers and sellers and regional characters which are prominent in the region, where networks are underdeveloped. Therefore, it would be a better approach to take account of the character of cirealating goods, intention of men and especially the character of region than to apply the Gravity Model Theory and the Central Place Theory to the study of circulating space in Korea. My approach may adopted in the study of the goods' circulation in Korea as well as in all underdveloped countries similar to Korea. A more advanced study, however, is required in this field.

馬山工業의 空間變異, 1953∼1986年

林永大 新羅大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.30 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics of spatial variations of manufacturing in Masan city from 1953 to 1986. The secondary purpose is to find locational problems of manufacturing and to search for effective device for arrangements of manufacturing to solve the problems. Four hypotheses were made on the basis of previous studies on the spatial variations of intraurban manufacturing. Masan city within the boundary line in 1986 was selected as the study area. Study period from 1953 to 1986 was divided into five:before 1953, 1953∼1962, 1962∼1972, 1972∼1981 and 1981∼1986. Hard data were used as the basic data. They were about the products, the names of firms and their owners, the addresses and number of employees recorded in registers of firms and yearbooks. The spatial variations by types and sizes of manufacturing were analysed in terms of agglomeration degrees and concentration degrees of unit areas, diffusion of munufacturing distribution and expansion of agglomerated areas zonal distribution of agglomeration degrees and number of agglomerated areas, zonal average firms sizes, position and movement of gravity centers, and structure of processes. The major findings were as follows: 1. Spatial expansion and increase of agglomeration degree of manufacturing in study area were due to the growth of manufacturing. They, especially, were prominent from 1962 to 1972 in which manufacturing growth was rapid. 2. Due to the landform and infrastructure of the study area, the outward spatial variations of manufacturing went on mainly toward the north and the northeast which was the developmental direction of the area. These spatial variations transformed the distributional pattern of manufacturing biased toward the south west in 1962 into the pattern biased toward the notheast since 1962. 3. In the course of the outward spatial variations, the manufacturing of study area experienced three stages of six growth stages:the stage of CBD dominance before 1953, of inner city dominance in 1953∼1962, and of outer city dominance in 1962∼1986. 4. Though there tended to be different types of spatial variations according to different types and sizes of manufacturing, there were no close relationships between the types of spatial variations and the locational characteristics of manufacturing except the relationships between the firm sizes and the sizes of spatial variations. 5. The spatial variations were due to the results:decrease and weakened increase of manufacturing in CBD and inner city, and increase of manufacturing resulted from the combination of such processes as births, deaths, changes of sizes and relocations of firms, the main processes were the births and the deaths of firms. There were no differences of the process types among the types and sizes of manufacturing. Though the births or the deaths were prominent in every zone, the deths were the most important process in CBD and inner city in contrast to the births in the outer city and suburb. On the basis of the above facts, all hypotheses were examined positively but one hypothesis(hypothesis 2) partially. The types of the spatial variations of study area, therefore, are similar to those of spatial variations of metropolitan manufacturing except the fact that the stage of spatial variations of study area is earlier than that of the metropolitan manufacturing and the types of spatial variations by manyfacturing types are irrelevant to the locational characteristics. The locational problems found in the examination of spatial variations in the study area were as follows: 1. Decentralizations of manufacturing toward specific directions hinder balanced growth and development of the study are. Though the decentralizations went mainly to the developmental direction of study area(north and northeast) due to the landform, infrastructure and regional policy, the continuatuation of this tendency would deform the spatial structure of areal functions and would bring about difficulties in performing effective areal functions. 2. Though there tends to be the decrease of manufacturing in CBD and inner city and the increase in outer city and suburb, manufacturing locations are still in CBD and inner city. This suggests that decentralization policy for manufactruing in the study area has depended rather on the births and deaths of firms than on the relocations. 3. There are no close relationships between spatial variations of manufacturing and their locational orientations. This suggests that the locational policy for manufacturing in the study area has mainly depended on the births and deaths of firms, and has been indiscriminate to the locational orientations. To slove the locational problems above, the following devices are necessary to be considered. 1. It is required to induce decentralization of manufacturing to another directions, or to develop lands for manufacturing locations in the adjacent hinterlands accompanied with transferring another urban functions to this direction for keeping the existing decentralization to specific direction. 2. The positive decentralization policy for manufacturing is necessary:the relocations of firms;the inducement of firm locations in surburb in contrast to the restraint in CBD and inner city. 3. The discriminate locational policy for manufacturing is required:to permit locations of small-scal, non-pollutive and low standardized manufacturing in the limited areas of inner city collectively; to induce the location of large-scale, pollutive and standardized manufacturing requiring large space in outer city or suburb accompanying the development of infrastructure in these areas.

都市工業의 空間變異 : the Case of Ulsan City 蔚山市의 境遇

林永大 新羅大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

On the basis of the analysis of growth, structural changes, and spatial varia-tions of manufacturing in Ulsan city from 1962 to 1985, this study mainly aims at the followings: 1) to clarify the characteristics of structural changes, historical moments and spatial variations of Ulsan manufacturing, 2) to explain the characteristics of spatial variations of urban manufacturing in Korea, 3) to confirm whether the results of preceding studies on spatial variations of urban manufacturing can be applied to those of Korea and to supplement them, and 4) to supply informations for the urban planning on the spatial arrangements of manufaturing. In this study, hard data were used as the basic data. They were about the types of manufacturing, the names of firms and their owners, the addresses and the number of employees, recored in registers of firms and yearbooks. The major findings were as follows: 1. With the growth of manufacturing, the structure of urban manufaturing tended to be simplified and the structure changed from the low value-added, pre-stage manufacturing (food & beverages and textile, wearing apparrel & leather ) to the high value-added, post-stage manufacturing (chemicals and fabricated metalproducts & machinery). And the size of firms was enlarged. 2. The growth and structural change of manufacturing resulted from the political changes and geographical conditions. 3. Though the factors that caused the outward spatial expansion to a specific direction were diverse, the main factor was Iandform. 4. The degree of development and the spatial paterns of urban manufacturing were reflected in the areal differences of agglomeration degree within the industrial space of a city. These are 1) the initial stage, 2) the stage of CBD concentration, 3) of outer city dominance and 6) of suburban dominance in order. It was found that manufacturing of Ulsan city was in the last stage, the stage of suburban do-minance in 1985. 5. Despite of the tendencies that different types and sizes of manufacturing made different spatial variations of urban manufaturing, it is difficult to say that there are the relationships between the characteristics of spatial variations and the locational characteristics with except firm size. 6. The spatial variations of manufacturing were the results of the decrease of the number of firms in inner city and of the increase of the number of firms in outer city. 7. Though the processes of spatial variations resulted from the sum of births, beaths, size changes and relocations of firms, the first two were the most impor-tant. On the basis of above facts, hypotheses established in this study, were examined. Among eight hypotheses, six (hypothesis A2, A3, B1, B3, B4 and B5) were examined positively, one (hypothesis B2) positively but partially, and one (hypothesis A1) negatively. In conclusion, the characteristics of manufacturing in study area were the same as those of urban manufacturing proved by the preceding studies excepting the tendency to biased structural changes. There fore it would be possible to apply the results of preceding studies on urban manufacturing to the explanation of urban manufacturing in Korea. For the better explanation of spatial variations of urban manufacturing in Korea, however, it is necessary to supplement the viewpoints, with viewpoints on pecular characteristics of spatial variations of Korean urban manufacturing.

신설시의 과제와 개발방향 신흥공업도시 - 장승포 , 동광양 -

임영대 대한지방행정공제회 1989 도시문제 Vol.24 No.4

N/A

釜山의 工業空間에 關한 硏究(Ⅱ) : 1962∼1976年間의 工業空間變化를 中心으로 Mainly on the Spatial Variation of Industry in 1962-1976

林永大 新羅大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

In this study, an attempt is made to clarify the distributional patterns of Busan industry and their changes in 1962∼1976. For this purpose, the employee number of 18 groups of industries by dong(Fig. 1) in Busan was used as the basic data. Distribution of the industries was examined through the method of Principal-Components Analysis. The results are as follows: Busan had shown a heavier concentration of industrial activities than any other region in Korea and shown the structural changes of its industry in 1962∼1976. Thus Busan not only had the same characteristics of industrial structure as that of Korea in which textile-apparel-leather, fabricated metal-machinery, chemicals-petroleum and food-beverages are important, but had the characteristics of specialization in such industries as chemicals-petroleum, lumber-furniture and primary metal which had the locational characteristics oriented to port. Spatial variation of Busan industry in 1962∼1976 had oriented to the northestern and northwestern urban fringes like that of city development in Busan. As the result, while the industrial spaces which were localized in the C.B.D. and sub-C.B.D. in 1962 were expanded into the urban fringes, especially into the northeastern and northwestern parts, the formation of large industrial cores and belts were brought by the combination of cores and by the expanasion of industrial spaces around industrial cores. And the continuous agglomeration of a particular industry in a particular area increased the number of areas specializing in a particular industry. Thus the specialized areas were only 3 regions (Nampo, Seomyeon and Beomil region) in 1962 and all of them were localized in C.B.D. and sub-C.B.D. But in 1976, these specialized areas increased to 7 regions(Yongho, Suyeong, Sasang and Dongrae region in addition to 3 regions in 1962) and four of them were located in northeastern (Yongho and Suyeong region) and northwestern(Sasang and Dongrae region) urban fringes. Finally, this spatial variation changed the distributional pattern of Busan industry with 6 dimensions in 1962(food, beverages, textile, apparel, rubber, primary metals, machinery, transportation equipment; stone-clay-glass; paper, printing-publishing; petroleum-coal; furniture-fixtures; lumber-wood, chemicals, electrical machinery) to the pattern with 3 dimensions in 1976(food, beverages, texiles, apparel, paper, printing-publishing, leather, rubber, chemicals, petroleum-coal products, fabricated metal products, machinery, electrical machinery, transprtation equipment; lumber and wood, furnitures; stone-clay-glass products, primary metals) and more distinct similarities or linkages among industries within each dimension were found in the distributional pattern in 1976 than in 1962 as a result. Among the characteristics in the spatial variation of Busan industry in 1962∼1976, the fact that spatial variation of Busan industry oriented to the same direction of city development proves the characteristics in the spatial variation of urban industry which takes the same direction as that of city development. However, it is noticeable that the spatial variation of Busan industry directed to the northeastern and northwestern parts as the result of geographical conditions in Busan, and that this spatial variation was brought by the increase of industry in urban fringe and by the relative decrease of it in intra-urban areas caused by such main processes as birth and death of firms.

工業立地의 硏究動向 : 立地論的 接近

林永大 新羅大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

This study is to grasp the trend in the locational approach, one of the two main approachs on manufacturing location through a review of relavant theories. This study follows my previous study on the regional approach. The results were as follows; There are four main currents of the locational approach in the manufactring geography: succession, complement, synthesis or verfication of the traditional location theory focusing on the Least-Cost and Maximum-Profit Theory; Behavioral Approach depending on the empirical studies of the spatial preference and decision-making process of firms; the studies on the effects of firm organization on the locational patterns in relation with the regional development and policy; and Structural Approach based on the marxism. Among these theories, Structural Approach is not full-fledged theory till now. The order of the theoretical development is traditional theory, Behavioral Approach and the studies on organization of firms. They are interrelated with each other. Any one of these theories alone cannot fully explain manufacturing location in the real world. For full understanding of manufacturing location, the locational study, therefore, should be made on the synthesis of these theories.