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Diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis
박창욱 ( Chang Ook Park ) 대한피부과학회 2021 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.72 No.2
Candida yeasts are found throughout the environment and are also considered normal microbiota of the skin, oropharyngeal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital mucosa. However, when an imbalance is created, they invade and cause disease, acting as opportunistic pathogen. The clinical manifestations of infection with Candida species range from local mucous membrane infections to widespread dissemination with multisystem organ failure. In the dermatologic area, localized candida infection is the most common form of infection and each disease has its own characteristic morphology. Generally, cutaneous candidiasis may present as beefy red patches and plaque with satellite papules and pustules, mainly on the intertriginous areas. Also, angular cheilitis, nipple candidiasis, and genital lesions (vulvovaginitis, balanitis, balanoposthitis), interdigital lesions may be seen. As a chronic form, chronic paronychia, onychomycosis may be induced by Candida infection. If systemic candidiasis occurs, nodules and papules may be present as secondary lesions on the skin. To diagnose mucocutaneous candida infection, characteristic morphologic evaluation is usually a distinctive and sound way to make a clinical diagnosis. To rapidly confirm, KOH preparation or a punch biopsy may be used. Definitive diagnosis and identification can be done through swab culture of the pustule or tissue culture achieved through biopsy. Topical antifungals are generally used as first line medications to treat mucocutaneous candida infection. However, if treatment is unsuccessful, oral antifungal agents may be used as second line treatment methods. For disease patterns such as onychomycosis, chronic mucocutaneous infections, oral antifungal agents are often used as first line medications.
Recent advances on skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis
박창욱 ( Chang Ook Park ) 대한피부과학회 2021 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.72 No.2
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic, inflammatory skin diseases with growing incidence worldwide. Generally, copious T cell infiltration with increased expression level of type 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-13, etc) is known for the main immunologic process which is underlying in AD. Therefore, until recently, the most researches have concentrated on the role of acquired immunity which is represented by Th2 immune response. Also, targeted agents such as dupilumab, nemolizumab, JAK inhibitors have been developed to block the adaptive immune response principally. Despite the introduction of biologics, still there are unmet needs of therapeutic options for moderate-to-severe AD, in other words, the efficacy of recently developed biologics is still insufficient to fully return the patients’ life. In this background, recent researches have emphasizing the specific role of innate immune system which includes innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2), natural killer T cell (NK-T cell), and basophils as a participants of type 2 immune response. Those researches are trying to unveil the remnant, remaining unknown area of immunologic pathophysiology in AD. In this session, the classic theory of immunologic process in AD will be reviewed, and the recent progress will be presented with emphasis on the innate immune system, new findings regarding with the adaptive T cell responses.