http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Phonetics and Language as a formal System
Robert F. Port,Adam P. Leary 국제언어인문학회 2003 인문언어 Vol.5 No.-
This paper takes issue with the idea of language as a ‘serial-time structure’ as opposed to the ‘real-time event’ of speech, an idea entrenched in Chomskyan model of linguistic theory. The discussion centers around the leitmotif question: Is language constructed entirely from a finite set of apriori discrete symbol types, as the ‘competence vs performance’ dichotomy implies? A set of linguistic patterns examined in this study, largely with regard to phonological considerations, points to the evidence to the contrary. That is, while the patterns may be said to be linguistically distinct, they are not discretely different, i.e. not different enough to be reliably differentiated. It is demonstrated that much of current research in phonology, including the most recent Optimality Theory, is misdirected in that it falsely presupposes a discrete universal phonetic inventory. The main thrust of the present study is that there is no sharp boundary between ‘competence’ defined as the formal, symbolic, discrete time domain of language and human cognition on the one hand and ‘performance’ as the continuous, fuzzy, real-time domain of human physiology on the other.
( Robert A Kobet ),( Xiao Ping Pan ),( Bao Hong Zhang ),( Stephen C Pak ),( Adam S Asch ),( Myon Hee Lee ) 한국응용약물학회 2014 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.22 No.5
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) offers a unique opportunity for biological and basic medical researches due to its genetic tractability and well-defined developmental lineage. It also provides an exceptional model for genetic, molecular, and cellular analysis of human disease-related genes. Recently, C. elegans has been used as an ideal model for the identification and functional analysis of drugs (or small-molecules) in vivo. In this review, we describe conserved oncogenic signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, and Ras) and their potential roles in the development of cancer stem cells. During C. elegans germline development, these signaling pathways regulate multiple cellular processes such as germline stem cell niche specification, germline stem cell maintenance, and germ cell fate specification. Therefore, the aberrant regulations of these signaling pathways can cause either loss of germline stem cells or overproliferation of a specific cell type, resulting in sterility. This sterility phenotype allows us to identify drugs that can modulate the oncogenic signaling pathways directly or indirectly through a high-throughput screening. Current in vivo or in vitro screening methods are largely focused on the specific core signaling components. However, this phenotype based screening will identify drugs that possibly target upstream or downstream of core signaling pathways as well as exclude toxic effects. Although phenotype-based drug screening is ideal, the identification of drug targets is a major challenge. We here introduce a new technique, called Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS). This innovative method is able to identify the target of the identified drug. Importantly, signaling pathways and their regulators in C. elegans are highly conserved in most vertebrates, including humans. Therefore, C. elegans will provide a great opportunity to identify therapeutic drugs and their targets, as well as to understand mechanisms underlying the formation of cancer.
Phonetics and Language as a formal System
Port, Robert F.,Leary, Adam P. International Association for Humanistic Studies i 2003 인문언어 Vol.5 No.-
This paper takes issue with the idea of language as a 'serial-time structure' as opposed to the 'real-time event' of speech, an idea entrenched in Chomskyan model of linguistic theory. The discussion centers around the leitmotif question: Is language constructed entirely from a finite set of apriori discrete symbol types, as the 'competence vs performance' dichotomy implies\ulcorner A set of linguistic patterns examined in this study, largely with regard to phonological considerations, points to the evidence to the contrary. That is, while the patterns may be said to be linguistically distinct, they are not discretely, different, i.e. not different enough to be reliably differentiated. It is demonstrated that much of current research in phonology, including the most recent Optimality Theory, is misdirected in that it falsely presupposes a discrete universal phonetic inventory. The main thrust of the present study is that there is no sharp boundary between 'competence' defined as the formal, symbolic, discrete time domain of language and human cognition on the one hand and 'performance' as the continuous, fuzzy, real-time domain of human physiology on the other.
Black, Robert,Oh, Si Hyoung,Lee, Jin-Hyon,Yim, Taeeun,Adams, Brian,Nazar, Linda F. American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.6
<P>Unraveling the fundamentals of Li-O<SUB>2</SUB> batterychemistryis crucial to develop practical cells with energy densities that couldapproach their high theoretical values. We report here a straightforwardchemical approach that probes the outcome of the superoxide O<SUB>2</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>, thought to initiate the electrochemicalprocesses in the cell. We show that this serves as a good measureof electrolyte and binder stability. Superoxide readily dehydrofluorinatespolyvinylidene to give byproducts that react with catalysts to produceLiOH. The Li<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> product morphology is a functionof these factors and can affect Li-O<SUB>2</SUB> cell performance.This methodology is widely applicable as a probe of other potentialcell components.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-6/ja2111543/production/images/medium/ja-2011-111543_0002.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja2111543'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Management of Adult Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: An Updated Network Meta-Analysis
Dmytriw Adam A.,Ku Jerry,Ghozy Sherief,Grewal Sahibjot,Cancelliere Nicole M.,Azzam Ahmed Y.,Robert W. Regenhardt,Rabinov James D.,Christopher J. Stapleton,Patel Krunal,Patel Aman B.,Pereira Vitor Mend 대한신경중재치료의학회 2023 Neurointervention Vol.18 No.2
The management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ubAVMs) is a complex challenge to neurovascular practitioners. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the optimal management of ubAVMs comparing conservative management, embolization, radiosurgery, microsurgical resection, and multimodality. The search strategy was developed a priori according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched the Ovid Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant papers. Using R version 4.1.1., a frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted to compare different management modalities for the ubAVMs. Overall, the conservative group had the lowest risk of rupture (P-score=0.77), and the lowest rate of complications was found in the conservative group (P-score=1). Among different interventions, the multimodality group had the highest rupture risk (P-score=0.34), the lowest overall complications (P-score=0.75), the best functional improvement (P-score=0.65), and the lowest overall mortality (P-score=0.8). However, multimodality treatment showed a significantly higher risk of rupture (odds ratio [OR]=2.13; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.18–3.86) and overall complication rate (OR=5.56; 95% CI=3.37–9.15) compared to conservative management; nevertheless, there were no significant differences in overall mortality or functional independence when considered independently. Conservative management is associated with the lowest rupture risk and complication rate overall. A multimodal approach is the best option when considering mortality rates and functional improvement in the context of existing morbidity/symptoms. Microsurgery, embolization, and radiosurgery alone are similar to the natural history in terms of functional improvement and mortality, but have higher complication rates.
A bodipy based hydroxylamine sensor
Sedgwick, Adam C.,Chapman, Robert S. L.,Gardiner, Jordan E.,Peacock, Lucy R.,Kim, Gyoungmi,Yoon, Juyoung,Bull, Steven D.,James, Tony D. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Chemical communications Vol.53 No.75
<P>With this research, we have developed a bodipy based system as the first “turn-on” fluorescence system for the detection hydroxylamine.</P>
James Withers,Robert W. Regenhardt,Adam A. Dmytriw,Justin E. Vranic,Rudolph Marciano,James D. Rabinov 대한뇌혈관외과학회 2023 Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neuros Vol.25 No.3
Anterior communicating artery aneurysms are the most common intracranial aneurysm and have a high risk of rupture which can lead to morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, intracranial aneurysms were treated by clipping with neurosurgical access. However, certain patients may prefer less invasive approaches or not represent open surgical candidates. Flow diverters, including flow-redirection endoluminal devices (FRED), are new-generation stents that are placed endovascularly by transfemoral or transradial access. Recent studies have demonstrated that FRED is both safe and effective, with complete occlusion of aneurysms in over 90% of patients. This case highlights an interesting phenomenon of post-flow diversion circulatory remodeling, where flow diverter treatment can alter the circle of Willis anatomy and physiology.