Postmodern American sociology : a response to the aesthetic challenge

최 종렬 University Press of America 2002 해외박사

Over the past two decades, American sociologists have debated about the postmodern and what we might call "postmodern American sociology" began to emerge at the turn of this century. This dissertation examines the nature of the postmodern in general, and postmodern American sociology in particular, in terms of three models of knowledge: science, morality, and aesthetics. This dissertation pays close attention to the fact that science, morality, and aesthetics began to be differentiated from religion in the modern era, which posited two problems: the problem of legitimacy of knowledge and the problem of figuring out the relationship among science, morality, and aesthetics. It sees the modern as a specific way to address these two problems. About the first problem, the modern derived legitimacy of knowledge from the idea of progress: progress in science and technology will lead to the improvement in material well-being as well as the moral perfection of individuals and societies. About the second problem, the modern presented two positions. The Enlightenment tried to reintegrate science, morality, and aesthetics into society according to scientific laws, while the Counter-Enlightenment did so according to moral laws. In this sense, the modern is defined as the scientization and moralization of ontology, epistemology, and ethics/politics, which proceeded from the 17th century to the early 1960s in Western societies. This dissertation also observes how the process of dedifferentiation, a process of social entropy leading to the collapse of boundaries, is changing the two issues associated with the modern. It is increasingly difficult to derive legitimacy of each knowledge from the idea of progress because science and morality become contested arenas mainly by the implosive impact of electronically-mediated culture industry on ontology, epistemology, and ethics/politics. The process of dedifferentiation also makes the problem of integration of science, morality, and aesthetics into society outdated by refiguring them in terms of the state of incommensurability. In this sense, the postmodern is defined as the aestheticization of ontology, epistemology, and ethics/politics, which has proceeded from the early 1960s to the present in advanced Western societies. This dissertation examines the nature of postmodern American sociology by situating it within this general relationship between the modern and the postmodern. It investigates how sociology has been based on the modern, excluding the aesthetic, how the postmodern as the aesthetic challenge is threatening the modern discipline of sociology, and how some American sociologists, especially critical and interactionist sociologists, form postmodern American sociology in the course of responding to the aesthetic challenge. Finally, this dissertation proposes that postmodern American sociology needs multi-or trans-disciplinary approaches for addressing the postmodern, the core of which is the synthesis of poststructuralist linguistics and post-Marxist political economy.

Competing enterprises: A comparative analysis of introductory cultural anthropology and introductory sociology textbooks

Norris, William M Wayne State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

What is anthropology? What is sociology? What is the basis of the division between the two? Is that division a relic of nineteenth century thinking?. With these questions in mind, anthropology and sociology are compared both as social science disciplines asking certain kinds of scholarly questions and as academic teaching enterprises. A model of the "Academic Credentials Market" in which the two disciplines compete for market share is developed and an analysis of their market shares in the last half of the twentieth century is presented. The histories of anthropology and sociology are traced from their common roots in antiquity through their nineteenth century separation into two distinctive disciplines and their institutionalization in the twentieth century. A content analysis of a representative sample of introductory anthropology and sociology textbooks was conducted to reveal how the disciplines are presented to introductory students and what they indicate regarding the distinction between the disciplines. Findings suggest (1) that there is a high degree of conformity to a "standard" model among introductory sociology textbooks while there is considerable variability in organization and content among introductory cultural anthropology texts, (2) cultural anthropology is presented as one of four subfields of general anthropology, a holistic discipline that straddles the sciences and humanities and studies all humans in all times and places while sociology is presented as a social science interested primarily in modern industrial societies, and (3) the two disciplines do not share widely in each other's discourse communities.

음악사회학적 관점에 의한 음악사 교육의 연구 : 고전, 낭만주의 음악사를 중심으로

윤지연 연세대학교 교육대학원 2007 국내석사

Music does not transcend its period and history. Music changes and develops by the intimate giving and receiving of influence with the society, politics, and culture of its period. The study of this connection between music and society is music sociology.It does not limit itself to the study of musician and works of music apart from society, but rather focuses on the thought that music develops in its connection with social, political, and cultural situations. However, current music history used in textbooks cannot systematically explain the connection between music and society, nor provide various perspectives of music history.Considering these issues, therefore, this paper examines various theories of music sociology and applies those theories in approaching music history.For the study, the theories of Weber and Adorno, representative scholars of music sociology, as well as basic theories of music sociology with other various themes were analyzed. Next, to see how music textbooks currently being used described music history, such factors as period definition, period explanation, musical characteristics, music style, composer, and whether or not sociological approach was made are used as basis for analysis. Lastly, in order to more effectively teach music history, basic theoretical analysis on music sociology and music textbook analysis are used as basis to present a teacher's teaching plan, using as examples classical music history and romantic music history.As for the teaching plan, an attempt is made to connect two aspects of music sociology. First, using various theories of music sociology as basis, various approaches to general musical characteristics that occur in music history are made through objective data related to society. Second, composers representative of their periods are examined focusing on the social changes of those periods and the accompanying changes in their social positions.The purpose of sociological approach to music is to study music more inclusively and systematically through its relationship with social factors. Such sociological study will be able to foster in students a more inclusive understanding on music and provide them with an expansive view of history. Furthermore, by making the students apply the various viewpoints learned through music history to modern music culture and thoughts, the study will enable to develop their own views on music.This paper aims to help students to gain deeper appreciation of music history ,understand music history by presenting a more expansive framework of thought through our music sociological approach to music history, and wishes also that it will be an opportunity for teachers to research different viewpoints regarding music history. 음악은 시대와 역사를 초월하여 존재하지 않는다. 음악은 그 시대의 사회, 정치, 문화와 긴밀하게 상호 영향을 주고받으며 변화하고 발전한다. 이렇게 음악과 사회와의 연관성을 연구하는 학문이 음악사회학이다. 음악사회학은 음악을 연구하는데 있어 사회와 동떨어진 음악가와 작품을 연구하는 것으로 한정시키지 않고 음악이 사회, 정치, 문화적 상황과 관련성을 가지고 발전한다는 데 주목한다. 하지만 현행 교과서에 실린 음악사는 음악과 사회와의 연관성을 체계적으로 설명해주지 못하고 있으며 음악사를 바라보는 다양한 시각들을 제공해주지 못하고 있다.이에 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 바탕으로 음악사회학의 여러 이론을 살펴보고 그 이론을 적용하여 음악사를 접근해보고자 하였다.연구를 위해 음악사회학의 대표적 학자인 베버와 아도르노의 이론 및 그 외에 다양한 테마를 가진 음악사회학의 기초이론에 대해 살펴보았다. 다음으로 현행 음악교과서는 음악사를 어떻게 서술하고 있는지 시대정의, 시대설명, 음악적 특징, 음악양식, 작곡가, 사회학적 접근의 유·무를 기준으로 분석하여 보았다. 마지막으로 음악사를 보다 효과적으로 가르치기 위해 음악사회학에 대한 기초 이론 분석과 음악교과서 분석을 토대로 하여 고전주의 음악사와 낭만주의 음악사를 예로 들어 교수·학습 지도안을 제시하였다.교수·학습 지도안은 두 가지 측면에서 음악사회학과의 연결을 시도하였다. 첫째, 음악사회학의 여러 이론을 기본으로 하여 음악사에 나타난 전반적 음악의 특징들을 사회와 관련된 객관적 자료를 통해 다양한 접근을 시도하였다. 둘째, 시대를 대표하는 대표적인 작곡가를 당시의 사회적 변화와 그에 따른 작곡가들의 사회적 지위변화를 중심으로 파악하도록 하였다.음악의 사회학적 접근은 음악을 사회적인 요인들과의 관계를 통해 보다 포괄적이고 체계적으로 접근하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 사회학적 연구는 학생들에게 음악에 대한 포괄적인 이해력을 키워주고 역사를 바라보는 폭넓은 시각을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 넓게는 음악사를 통해 배운 다양한 관점을 현대 음악문화에 적용하여 생각해 보도록 함으로써 음악에 대한 자신의 관점을 심어줄 수 있을 것이다.본 연구에서 제시하는 음악사에 대한 음악사회학적 접근이 음악사를 이해하는 학생들에게 보다 폭넓은 사고의 틀을 제시하여 깊이 있는 음악사 이해에 도움 되기를 바라며 교사에게 있어서도 음악사에 대한 다양한 관점들을 연구하는 계기가 되길 바란다.

What should sociology do about Darwin? Evaluating some potential contributions of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology to sociology

Freese, Jeremy Jay Indiana University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

Critics both within and outside of sociology have claimed that the discipline is mired in a long-running “crisis” marked by theoretical sterility and diminished public credibility. Some have suggested that one way for sociology to revitalize itself is to adopt a foundation more explicitly and closely based on the insights of evolutionary biology. Taking up these calls to give Darwinian approaches a fresh look, this dissertation examines recent work in these programs and evaluates their potential contributions to sociology. The heart of the dissertation is a series of five “case studies” that examine specific theories that have been offered by evolutionary scholars. The topics of these case studies are: (1) Cosmides and Tooby's work on social exchange; (2) Thornhill and Palmer's work on rape; (3) Sulloway's work on birth order; (4) Fisher's work on divorce; and (5) the Trivers-Willard hypothesis for parental investment. Included also are extended discussions of evolutionary psychological theories regarding cognitive limitations on group size, female waist-to-hip ratio, parent-offspring conflict, and family structure effects on socioeconomic attainment. In each of the five case studies, both the evidence that has been provided in support of the theory and the strength of its evolutionary reasoning are examined. In several instances, original research projects also examine particular hypotheses. In the concluding chapter, lessons are drawn from these case studies in a discussion of how sociologists can better engage and potentially use Darwinian approaches in their own work.

Kin network size, structure, and social support

Hedberg, Eric Christopher The University of Chicago 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

There are two problems with how sociology of the family thinks about social capital in connection to intergenerational social support. The first problem is whether social capital is a characteristic of the individual or of the family group. The second is that other areas of sociology, i.e. economic sociology, define social capital in ways that contradict family sociology. This study resolves these problems by estimating support models that use contact as a measure of network structure at both levels of analysis. I use a context effects model to estimate the effect of strong ties between kin on social support using the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households. I find statistically significant effects at both levels of analysis. In addition, network level effects are negative for all types of support, supporting economic sociology as a viable theoretical source for family scholarship. There are also consistent negative effects of network size, the larger the kin network (i.e. more adult children), the rate of social support becomes smaller. However, there is an important interaction between the strength of a network and its size. High levels of contact compensate for the negative effect of network size for between-household support. This study helps to settle part of the debate about the level of analysis for social capital by showing an instance of both levels operating at the same time and presents evidence of de facto competition in families with a strong family network.

Towards a New Cultural Sociology of Mass Mobilizations: A Comparative Analysis of Occupy Wall Street and the 2011 English Riots

Tanaka Gutiez, Yasushi Xavier Yale University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Inspired by the popular mobilizations that erupted in the late 1960s, the study of social movements has produced an extensive sub-discipline within the field of sociology. The same, however, cannot be said about the study of mass mobilizations such as riots. In this dissertation, I argue that this lack of academic interest in such mass mobilizations as a field of study is due to the role that the normative designation of legitimacy---the ability of a movement to achieve social and/or political change---has played in their analyses or lack thereof. Affected by this normativity, collective behavior that either failed to achieve concrete social change or considered an act of deviance has been overlooked by both the sociology of social movements and the sociology of crime and deviance; two subfields under whose analytical purview this social phenomena falls. In light of this fact, I propose a new cultural sociological approach that unifies mass mobilization analysis. In particular, a contribution is made to the Strong Program in Cultural Sociology (Alexander, and Smith, 2004) which, despite placing culture at the heart of its analysis has, thus far, overlooked the micro-interactional level at which meaning making processes determine the textures of social life. Central to this new cultural sociological approach is a combination of 'thick' ethnographic description (Geertz, 1973), semiological analysis (Barthes, 1968) and contextualization within an 'eventful sociology' (Sewell, 2005). I then demonstrate the effectiveness of this new cultural sociological approach to the study of mass mobilizations through a comparative analysis of two such illegitimate enactments---Occupy Wall Street and the 2011 English Riots. The chapter on Occupy Wall Street presents the nuanced struggles of a mobilization that failed to consummate due to its contradictory relationship to structures of legitimacy. The chapter on the 2011 English Riots shows how, contrary to widespread condemnation, these popular uprisings were an act of solidarity. In conclusion, I discuss a common alienation experienced by the participants of both Occupy and the English Riots and reiterate the importance of developing new tools that can accommodate the analysis of contemporary mass mobilizations with characteristics that cannot be captured by the analytical frameworks hitherto employed for the explanation of collective behavior.

Socialization of epistemology: For a better relationship between epistemology and the sociology of scientific knowledge

Iseda, Tetsuji University of Maryland College Park 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

The main theme of this dissertation is to explore how to establish a better relationship between sociological and philosophical investigations of science; how should epistemological considerations be used in sociological studies of scientific knowledge, and how should sociological findings be used in epistemological studies? To answer these questions, I review both sociological and social epistemological literatures on scientific knowledge, with more emphasis on the latter. On the sociological side, I point out that a large part of SSK (sociology of scientific knowledge) literature is, contrary to what some philosophers believe, totally compatible with the idea of scientific rationality. Given that, I propose the ‘even stronger’ program of SSK that can better utilize the philosophical literature on scientific rationality. On the philosophical side, I review works of four philosophers (David Hull, Frederick Suppe, Alvin Goldman and Philip Kitcher) in detail. I classify them into two general categories, the descriptive approach (which starts from actual scientific practices and tries to find a general pattern) and the normative actual cases). After critical analyses of each of them, I apply their insights to a concrete case study, namely the issues related with diversification of Post WW II American sociology. These analyses and applications aim to show that all of them have some interesting things to say. One interesting observation in terms of the case study is that the diversity in theory and methodology in American sociology may be a good thing for various philosophical reasons, offered by these authors. Finally, the general characteristics of descriptive and normative approaches are compared. Some seeming incompatibilities between two approaches can be resolved by introducing some meta-epistemological notions. Especially the notion of WRE (wide reflective equilibrium) is important in identifying different roles played by two approaches. In any case, a good philosophical analysis cannot ignore sociological findings on actual scientific practices. To say the least, when there are two epistemological views, one of them does better than the other in accounting for actual scientific practices, this is a prima facie reason to prefer the one to the other.

The dynamic construction of norms and deviance: The case of gambling and state lotteries

Rossol, Josh The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The concept of social norms is essential to the field of sociology. This dissertation investigates the notion of social norms, primarily as applied by social psychologists, sociologists of deviance, and criminologists, through a pair of empirical explorations of various understandings of norms; put forth by sociologists. As an entry point to the issue of norms, the thesis utilizes the changing situation of gambling and state lotteries in the United States as a case example of the dynamic emergence and transformation of norms. The first project of the dissertation addresses a longstanding topic in criminology and the sociology of deviance. Through a comparison of survey data from 1975 and 1995, the project examines the demographic “profiles” of participants in legal and illegal gambling, and how such profiles have changed with the transition in legal codes regarding gambling. The results provide support for the position that gambling is best understood as a “victimless crime,” and that participants who engage in different forms of crime may respond differently to changes in the legal status of the behavior. The second project shifts focus to the social psychological level of individual attitudes and people's perceptions of the deviant status of gambling. Using a series of repeated cross-section surveys of Wisconsin residents, the project traces the relationship among lottery play, casino gambling, and approval of the lottery among Wisconsin residents as the availability of casino gambling expanded from 1989 to 1995. Multiple explanations for the observed relationships are explored, including the substitutability between casino and lottery gambling as well as the suggestion that some lottery players halted their play due to their increased negative perceptions of gambling. By examining the dynamic status of norms and their relationship to behavior and attitudes, the dissertation contributes to sociology's understanding of a concept central to its assumptions yet difficult to circumscribe. In addition, the thesis advances efforts in social psychology that examine the link between attitudes and behavior as well as efforts in the sociology of deviance that emphasize the social definition of deviance.

The survey of the characteristics and dimensions of mentoring: An investigation of the mentoring experiences of African American graduate students in departments of sociology

Dixon-Reeves, Regina Angela The University of Chicago 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

The Survey of the Characteristics and Dimensions of Mentoring is an exploratory study that seeks to determine the range of mentoring experiences that graduate students encounter during their academic tenure. The national sample is comprised of currently enrolled and recently conferred (within 1–3 years) African American graduate students in Departments of Sociology. This inquiry seeks to understand who is mentoring the African American graduate students and what activities they participate in. The research has a secondary goal of comparing the mentoring experiences of male and female students. The Mentoring Study has two parts. Part I is the survey of graduate students and recently conferred doctorates. Part II consists of personal interviews with four respondents with varied mentoring experiences. Ninety-three percent of the 130 respondents reported having a mentor, and more than a quarter of them reported having 2 or 3 mentors. African Americans serve as the primary mentors for these African American graduate students despite their low representation among the Sociology faculty in predominantly white institutions. The African American mentors consistently encourage their mentees to participate in more professional development activities and they provide more academic, career, and emotional support to their mentees than their colleagues in the academy. The sample's respondents were almost exclusively mentored by African American and White mentors despite being enrolled in departments of Sociology with other faculty of color. Male graduate students reported getting more career enhancing benefits from the mentor relationship than their female counterparts. The men reported receiving more research assistantships; advice on career matters; assistance getting research and graduate assistant positions; course advisement; and travel money than women. The women reported serving as teaching assistants in greater numbers; engaging in more professional development activities such as attending and making presentations at student, local, and national conferences; and applying for pre- and post-dissertation fellowships than men.

Comparing Graduate Students’ Research Diversity in Sociology in Korea and Taiwan by Analyzing Keywords of Degree Theses in 2014-2018

요자훤 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사

Korea and Taiwan are considered to share a similar trajectory in terms of their democratic and economic development. However, each country still has significant differences due to their distinct cultural and historical contexts regarding the main concerns of their societies. It is reasonable to suspect that these similarities and differences in the aspirations and concerns of the two societies might reflect the topics of graduate students’ degree theses in sociology. Using co-word (co-occurrence of words) analysis in bibliometrics, this study set out to identify, compare, and explain whether and how the primary sociological research conducted by graduate students in Korea and Taiwan has differed in these two newly industrialized economies in East Asia over the latest five years (2014–2018). We believe this is a worthwhile endeavor because contrasting the degree theses of graduate students who majored in sociology in the two countries helps provide a better understanding of each country’s distinct social and cultural contexts. It also provides a case study of how intellectual and societal factors interact with one another in both countries; meanwhile, it creates the possibility of identifying trends of future study in the academic field of sociology.