A creditor''s claim against the debtor is a right that is relative against the debtor secured by the debtor''s general assets. However, in case the debtor fraudulently transfers or hides hisher assets before the creditor takes an enforcement action to...
A creditor''s claim against the debtor is a right that is relative against the debtor secured by the debtor''s general assets. However, in case the debtor fraudulently transfers or hides hisher assets before the creditor takes an enforcement action to satisfy hisher claim thereby making it difficult for the creditor to exercise hisher claim, it is necessary to devise a means whereby the creditor can avoid the debtor''s disposition of the assets and recover the assets for the purposes of satisfying the creditor''s claim. One such means is the creditor''s power of avoidance.If the creditor is allowed to avoid debtor''s disposition of hisher asset and recover the assets despite creditor''s right being only a relative right vis-?-vis the debtor, it results in the restriction of the debtor''s freedom to engage in legal activities, one of the major principles governing the Korean Civil Code. It also restricts the third party''s freedom to engage in legal activities with the debtor. Thus, the creditor''s power of avoidance should be carefully adjusted, considering interest of various parties including the need to protect the creditor''s rights, freedom of the debtor to dispose of hisher assets and the desire to protect the third party''s transactions. However, Korean Civil Code only contains two provisions that set forth the general principles governing the creditors'' power of avoidance.Since the time of so-called 'Asian IMF Crisis', there has been a significant increase in the creditors such as financial institutions instituting a lawsuit to avoid prejudicial acts of the debtors due to worsened economic condition. Thus, there is a need to provide reasonable solution to various issues surrounding the creditor''s power of avoidance and establish a predictable set of framework that govern the creditor''s power of avoidance. There is also a need to adjust interest of various parties such as creditors, debtors and third parties and seek legal stability. The purpose of this study is to examine these various issues and to contribute to the devising of the framework behind the creditor''s power of avoidance in a proper manner as a part of Korea''s social and economic system.This paper seeks to contribute to the clear and efficient utilization of the creditor''s power of avoidance by reorganizing the legal principles that govern various issues in the interpretation of the creditor''s right of avoidance. The result of my study of the creditor''s power of avoidance is as follows.If case the law is not clear, one must seek a reasonable solution considering the general intent of what the law is trying to achieve. In examining the legal nature of the creditor''s right of avoidance based on Article 406 of the Civil Code, the creditor''s right of avoidance is derived from action pauliana under Roman law. It is a right to institute a suit and although it is a right that must be exercised in a litigation, it is a right under the substantive law. Generally, the creditor''s right of avoidance contains the elements of both formation and performance but in case the debtor forgives the debt owed by a third party, the creditor''s suit for avoidance only contains the element of formation. The effect of the judgment of a suit based on the creditor''s right of avoidance is not universal; it has a relative effect only among the creditor, initial transferee (i.e., the third party who received debtor''s asset) or the additional transferee (i.e., the fourth party who received the debtor''s asset from the initial third party transferee). The res judicata effect does not reach the debtor or other creditor. Since allowing the creditor who is not a party engaged in legal act to avoid debtor''s legal act should be allowed on an exceptional basis and should be allowed sparingly, the theory of relative voidance has a valid basis. Therefore, consistent with the position taken by the court precedents and general commentaries, I believe the theory of 'relative voidance' is valid. Although there are many criticisms against the theory of relative voidance, there are no realistic ways that is more satisfactory than the theory of relative voidance.In examining the exercise of the creditor''s avoidance powers based on Article 407 of the Civil Code, according to Article 407, the effect of avoidance reaches to all creditors. Thus, in case the creditor is successful in winning the lawsuit for avoidance, the other creditors can utilize the effect of the first creditor''s win. Since the theory of relative voidance relates to the scope of the res judicata effect under the Code of Civil Procedure whereas Article 407 of the Civil Code relates to the relationship among the creditors with respect to the recovered assets, they are not contradictory. After the asset is recovered, other creditors have room to either enforce their claim against the asset or participate in distribution concerning the asset. In case the debtor does not cooperate in the recovery of the asset, it is unavoidable that the creditor seeking avoidance recovers the asset from the transferee or the additional transferee and use the asset to satisfy his claim. Since it is not the intent behind the creditor''s power of avoidance to impose to the creditor that sought avoidance obligations to other creditors, realistically, one cannot avoid but allow such creditor to have a preferred right vis-?-vis the asset and it is not against the principle of equality among creditors set in Article 407 of the Civil Code.The framework concerning the creditor''s power of avoidance differs between each country in terms of the required elements for exercise of the power, its effect and the enforcement procedure. In order for Korea to have a proper framework for the creditor''s power of avoidance that is appropriate for Korea''s economic and social reality, there must be additional legislations that supplement the current laws and regulations concerning the creditor''s power of avoidance. Moreover, there must be an in-depth analysis of the creditor''s power of avoidance based on case precedents and various academic theories.