본 硏究의 목적은 日本國憲法이 규정하고 었는 議院內閣制의 沿革과 特質을 파악하고, 그 現代的 課題를 제시함에 있다. 明治憲法의 制定過程에 있어서도 政黨政治를 기초로 한 議院內閣...

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https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T9132123
부산 : 東亞大學校 大學院, 2000
2000
한국어
362.13 판사항(4)
342.52 판사항(21)
부산
viii, 250p. ; 26cm
참고문헌: p. 228-247
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다운로드본 硏究의 목적은 日本國憲法이 규정하고 었는 議院內閣制의 沿革과 特質을 파악하고, 그 現代的 課題를 제시함에 있다. 明治憲法의 制定過程에 있어서도 政黨政治를 기초로 한 議院內閣...
본 硏究의 목적은 日本國憲法이 규정하고 었는 議院內閣制의 沿革과 特質을 파악하고, 그 現代的 課題를 제시함에 있다.
明治憲法의 制定過程에 있어서도 政黨政治를 기초로 한 議院內閣制의 채용이 주장되기도 하였으나 배척되고, 결국 明治憲法은 內閣이 天皇에 대해서만 個別的인 責任을 지고, 內閣과 議會의 信任關係가 존재하지 않는 超然內閣制를 채용하게 되었다. 明治憲法의 運用過程에서는 일시적으로 政憲內閣制가 확립됨으로써 議院內閣制의 慣行이 행해졌으나 全體主義의 대두와 政黨의 解散 등에 의하여 오래가지 못하였다. 또한 이것은 政黨의 腐敗에 의한 정당기피의 경향에 기인하는 것으로서 건전한 政黨制度는 議院內閣制의 불가결한 요건이고, 이러한 요건이 충족되지 않는 한 議院內閣制의 慣行은 정착될 수 없었던 것이다.
이에 대하여 日本國憲法은 國民主權을 수립하고, 政黨政治를 기초로 한 議院內閣制를 確立하게 되었다. 즉, 日本國憲法에 의하면 內閣의 국회에 대한 連帶責任(제66조 제3항), 國會의 議決에 의한 內閣總理大臣의 指名(제67조, 제68조 제1항), 衆議院의 內閣不信任權과 內閣의 衆議院解散權(제169조) 등을 규정하게 되었다. 그리고 日本國憲法에 있어서 內閣總理大臣은 與黨의 黨首로서 議會와 內閣을 통하여 강력한 指導力을 발휘하고 있고, 內閣은 天皇의 國事行爲에 대한 助言·承認에 의하여 衆議院을 자유로이 해산할 수 있으며 이러한 점에서 內閣은 議會에 대하여 사실상 支配力을 행사하고 있다고 할 것이다. 따라서 日本의 議院內閣制는 內閣優位의 議院內閣制에 속하며 國會로부터 相對的으로 獨立性을 가지고, 내각의 議會解散決定에 있어서 별다른 제약이 없는 英國의 內閣統治制와 유사한 운용을 보이고 있다.
이러한 讓院內閣制의 運用에 있어서는 選擧腐敗, 派閥政治 등의 弊害가 발생하게 되고, 이에 대하여는 다양한 改革案이 제기되어 왔다. 예컨데 國民投票에 의하여 선출되는 강력한 內關總理大臣을 頂點으로 民意에 直結된 政治的 統合을 의도한 「首相公選論」이 그것이다. 특히 최근에는 讓院內閣制를 기초로 한 現代代表制의 直接民主制的 遲用, 즉 國民이 基本的인 政策體系와 그 담당자인 內閣總理大臣을 議員의 選擧를 통하여 사실상 직접적으로 선택함으로써 국민에 대한 내각의 책임을 강조는 「國民內閣訓論」이 제기되고 있어 주목된다.
이러한 최근의 논의는 國民·議會·政府의 관계를 중시함으로써 政府의 政治責任의 擴張을 기도하고 있다는 점에서 議院內閣制의 民主主義的 再構成論이라 할 수 있다. 특히 現代國家에 있어서 議院內閣制가 당면하고 있는 議會와 政府·官僚의 癩着, 黨約派閥 등의 弊害를 해소하기 위하여 議院內閣制의 直接民主制的 運用을 주장하고 있는 것이다. 여하튼 이러한 논의는 行政國家化·行政權의 强化를 특징으로 하는 現代議院內閣制에 있어서의 官僚에까지 이르는 內閣에 대한 民主的 統制, 즉 國民의 責佐있는 政治的 自治의 實現이라는 점에서 주목해야 할 움직임으로 평가할 수 있을 것이다.
요컨대 20세기는 福祉國家 積極國家의 시대로서 行政機能과 官僚機構의 강화를 특징으로 하고 있다. 이러한 內閣優位型·內閣主導型의 議院內閣制에 있어서는 議會와 政府의 責任과 均衛의 關係를 어떻게 실현할 것인가, 즉 政府의 責任있는 指導力과 議會의 責任있는 批判의 調和에 있다고 할 것이다. 특히 정부의 국민에 대한 책임의 擴張이라는 관점에서 「國民內閣制論」의 의의를 발견하고, 앞으로의 執行權의 强化와 거대한 官僚制의 動向을 감안하면 官僚에까지 미치는 民主的 統制의 문제는 日本의 議院內閣制에 있어서 21세기 최대의 政治的 課題라 할 것이다.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
The purpose of this study is to understand the history and trait of parliamentary government speculated in constitution of Japan and to suggest its' modern question. In the process of establishment of Meiji constitution, adoption of party government ...
The purpose of this study is to understand the history and trait of parliamentary government speculated in constitution of Japan and to suggest its' modern question.
In the process of establishment of Meiji constitution, adoption of party government is once insisted but it was rejected which forced Meiji constitution to adopt Bureaucratic Cabinet where the Cabinet takes individual responsibility soley for the Emperor and is no confidence relation between the Cabinet and the Deit.
During the operation of Meiji constitution, party Cabinet was temporarily established and the tradition of parliamentary government was practiced but It didn't lasts long due to the rise of totalitarianism and dissolution of party.
This situation is based on refusal tendency towards political party concerned about its' corruption and sound party system is indispensable factor in parliamentary government and practice of parliamentary government was not able to firmly established unless these factors are fulfilled.
Hence, the constitution of Japan firmly established parliamentary government based on the sovereignty of the people and party politics.
According to the constitution of Japan, the Cabinet, in the exercise of executive power, shall be collectively to the Diet(article 66, paragraph)
The prime Minister shall be designated from among the members of the Diet by a resolution of the Diet.
A majority of the Minister of State number must be chosen form among the members of the Diet(article 67 and article 68, paragraph). If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the Cabinet shall resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten days. (article 69)The Prime Minister and other Minister of State may, at any time, appear in either House for the purpose of speaking on bills, regardless of whether they are members of the House or not. They must appear when their presence is required in oder to give answers or explanations (article 63).
That is to say, According to the constitution of Japan, the Cabinet and the Diet takes joint responsibility each other(article 66, paragraph 3), designation of prime minister by the decision of the Diet(article 67, section 1 of article 68), House of representative's right to want of confidence in Cabinet and the Cabinet's right to he dissolution of the House of representative (article 69) is expressly provided within it.
According to the constitution of Japan, Prime minister is demonstrating powerful leadership through the Cabinet and the Diet as a leafer of the ruling party. The Cabinet can dissolve the House of representative at its' will by the advice and approval of emperor's acts in matters of state. In this respect, the Cabinet can be said to has controlling power over the Diet.
Thus, the parliamentary government in Japan belongs to parliamentary government where the Cabinet is predominant over the Diet and relatively separated from the Diet which has a strong resemblance to the Cabinet government in England which is fairly free from restraints of decision on dissolution of the House of representative.
Operation of parliamentary government is usually attended by evils such as election malpractice and factionalism and various remedy against these problem has been suggested.
The theory of public election of the Prime Minister intended for political integrity by putting the prime minister elected by referendum at the zenith of power can be exampled.
Recently, The theory of national government is being raised with keen interest which emphasize the Cabinet's responsibility for its' people by allowing people to select basic policy and prime minister who's in change of it by the election of representative. This can be defined as democratic operation of modern representative system based on parliamentary government.
Recently, The theory of national government is being raised with keen interest which emphasize the Cabinet's responsibility for its' people by allowing people to select basic policy and prime minister who's in charge of it by the election of representative. This can be defined as democratic operation of modern representative system based on parliamentary government.
This recent discussion intends to expand the range of governmental responsibility by stressing correlation between people, the Diet and the government and in this respect. It can be called as democratic recomposition of parliamentary government.
Especially, In modern countries, democratic operation of parliamentary government has been claimed to solve the evils attended by parliamentary government such as close relationship between the Cabinet, the government and bureaucrat and the factionalism.
Anyway, In a modern parliamentary government featuring reinforcement of administrative power, all these discussion which is emphasizing democratic control on the Cabinet can be reviewed as a remarkable movement in this point.
In short, 20th century's state lays great emphasis on the reinforcement of administrative function and bureaucratic organization.
In the parliamentary government where the Cabinet is dominant over others, It is very important to adjust balance and responsibility formed between the Cabinet and the government, that is to say. The harmony between the government's responsible leadership and the Cabinet's responsible criticism is indispensable factor.
In terms of expansion of governmental responsibility for its' people. The significance of the national government theory can be found in here and when taking tendency towards bureaucratic system and reinforcement of executive power into consideration, the problem of democratic control over bureaucrat surely will be the biggest political question needs to be solved Japanese parliamentary government is currently faced with.
목차 (Table of Contents)