3世紀 高句麗王의 平壤移居와 王權强化 = (The) kings' transfer(移居) to Pyongyang and the strengthening of royal authority of Goguryo in the third century

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Goguryoˇ's territorial expansion had been enforcing through annexing the near small states, and also struggling against the Chinese Han Empire(漢帝國). Internally, this nation annexed between the provincial territory powers, and the powerful families and tribes around capital area. And finally, Goguryoˇ had became a powerful nation with royal authority system. In the course of strengthening royal sovereignty, finally, Gerubu(桂婁部), one of the five main tribes of Goguryoˇ, obtained a succession right of king.
First, Goguryoˇ had difficulty in building royal authority at the district of around Jipan(集安), where many territorial tribes had been dominating such as Yeonnabu(연那部), Guannabu(貫那部), Biryunabu(沸流那部), Hwannabu(桓那部). And so, when Gerubu, the most powerful tribe, was going to build more powerful authority at there, this tribe had to subject all the tribes under its power.
Also, these districts had a much rugged natural condition. Specially high mountains and deep valleys impeded people's approaching into these sections. All these facts had been documented and written in Samgukji(『三國志』), a contemporary historical book of China in the third century. While, there was no agricultural fields to plant staples. And so, Goguryoˇ firstly obtained insufficient staples through Dongyea(東濊) and Okjeo(沃沮) which located in the lower southeast parts of Goguryoˇ and conquered in earlier ages. By Samgukji, in the early third century, more than ten-thousand people in the capital area who had lived there without cultivating fields should subsist on stalpes obtained from such as Okjeo(沃沮)'s and Dongyea(東濊)'s agricultural fields. These difficulties never ended. And so, Goguryoˇ alway had to conquer other territories to subsist their people. And because of the damages in the endless wars, fundamental solutions had been requested at that time and only capable alternative was to the transfer to Pyongyang which located better position than old.
Third, Goguryoˇ had been struggling against nearing states since the national building times. Only method to maintain its sovereignty in this territory was the building of powerful military power system and endless conquering strategy. In order to conquer neighboring states, this kingdom needed sophisticating iron mines. In the earlier time, Goguryoˇ obtained the material in the Duman River(豆滿江) which located and flowed in the far eastern territory. As Goguryoˇ had struggled to build national power, much more iron had been needed, it was Pyongyang where Goguryoˇ could be able to obtain good iron through neighboring small-allied territorial state such as Byunhan(弁韓), Jinhan(辰韓). These two states, at that time, had good iron mines. It was Pyongyang, located around the Daedong River(大洞江), that was indispensable supplement site and critical strategic center to enlarge its power and build more powerful nation.
To solve all these problems, Goguryoˇ, after Hwando Castle(丸都城) being collapsed by the Chinese Wie(魏), finally transferred to Pyongyang during the reign of King Dongchun(東川王) in the third century.
Traditional historians suggested King Dongchun's transfer to Pyongyang should be A.D.247 as being quoted from the historical document called Samguksagi(『三國史記』) and insisted that, Pyongyang as being documented in this historical book be not current Pyongyang but either Jipan(集安) or Gangge(江界). At that time, current Pyongyang which located around the Daedong River, had been ruled by Nakranggun(樂浪郡) until A.D.313. Nakranggun was one of the four Chinese Han Empire's Imperialist governments called Hansagun(漢四郡) which located and ruled the upper territories of the Korean Peninsular at that time. And so, traditional historians said that Goguryoˇ had never expanded its territory in the current Pyongyang until A.D.313.
But, I could not agree to the traditional historians' interpretation but suggested new approach about Goguryoˇ kings' transfer. Pyongyang, in my opinion, as quoting from Samguksagi, in truth, is current Pyongyang as being documented.
Nakranggun was built by Chinese Han Empire in there after Wiemanchosen(衛滿朝鮮) had been destroyed. And Narkranggun could not but depend on the native power in this territories because its control. power was very weak. Narkranggun could only controlled its center territories but left other neighboring parts autonomous. But after Early-Han Empire(前漢) had been declined, Wangjo(王調) and his party, the remains of Wiemanchosen, decapitated Han's Administrator and obtained his power.
After this Accident, Goguryoˇ finally controlled Nakrangguk(樂浪國), one of the small states around the upper territories of the Daedong River, which had been the remaining power of Wiemanchosen 's all the sections, and expanded its territory to the upper regions of the Daedong River. Now, the Emperor Guangmu(光武帝) of Late-Han(後韓) could not but contact its lower Daedong River territories of Narkranggun by sea routes. These facts symbolized and standed for Goguryoˇ's dominance in these sections.
As Goguryoˇ had already conquered all the sections of Nakrangguk, in the mid-first century, Goguryoˇ must have controlled the now Pyongyang section. Therefore, I could not agree traditional hsistorians theses which had insisted Goguryoˇ had never reached its power out into current Pyongyang sections at that time because the Chinese Late-Han dominated its power in these Pyongyang sections as the tool of Nakranggun.
Therefore, King Dongchun's transfer to "Pyongyang" in the A.D.247, I insist, was not Jipan or Gangge sections but current Pyongyang sections. After this transfer, the King could build the strong state authority and king power as utilizing the advantage of geographical and strategic site of Pyongyang. And after this transfer at the reign of King Dongchun, Goguryoˇ's Kings had lived and ruled at Pyongyang since then. From that time, Pyongyang became the real political, economic and strategic center. All the King but except a short time of the eleven months at the reign of the King Gogukwon(故國原王) had transferred to Hwando Castle, Pyongyang was the main center of Goguryoˇ.
Finally, I explained the meanings of transfer to Pyongyang in the A.D.247 through this thesis the followings.
First, to overcome the difficulties such as the geographical features in the Aprok River(鴨綠江) and escape from the powerful territorial lords in this section, Goguryoˇ had targeted to the Pyongyang its main political center because, in there, this nation could utilize many advantages such as better strategic center.
Second, after Pyongyang located around Daedong River which had been critical center since Wiemanchosen was incorporated into Goguryoˇ, this kingdom could be able to legitimate as the successor of Gochosen(古朝鮮) in the Korean Peninsular.
Third, after being occupied Pyongyang, the central part of Narkranggun, and obtained iron which was indispensable material for the national building and taken more sophisticated knowledge about refining industry and technique from there. At that time, Goguryoˇ could enlarged its territories much more powerfully than early ages.
Fourth, after being controlled the far northern sea routes of the Yellow Sea(黃海), Goguryoˇ could be controlled not only all the trade market and merchants in the land routes but also, from the Daedong River, the trade and exchange with foreign nations such as the southern-located many Chinese dynasties.
It was after the King's transfer in the third century that Goguryoˇ's strong royal and state authorities such as King Sosurim(小獸林王)'s National Statutes, King Guanggeto(廣開土王)'s enlargement of territories and King Jangsu's royal power building etc, could be fufilled.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次 = ⅰ
• Ⅰ. 序論 = 1
• Ⅱ. 3世紀 高句麗의 對內外的 狀況 = 8
• 1. 3世紀 高句麗의 政治·社會經濟的 變動 = 8
• 2. 母丘儉의 高句麗 侵入과 東川王의 平壤移居 = 13
• Ⅲ. 高句麗의 平壤地域 進出過程과 그 時期 = 22
• 1. 高句麗의 樂浪國 統合과 帳溝樓 設置 = 22
• 1) 高句麗의 樂浪國 統合 = 22
• 2) 幢構潰 設置를 통한 平壤地城 支配 = 27
• 2. 高句麗의 平壤地城 進出時期와 平壞移居 = 33
• 1) 1世紀 高句麗의 南境 一 薩水에 대한 比定 = 33
• 2) 東川王의 平壤移居와 그 背景 = 42
• Ⅳ. 3世紀 高句麗의 中心地 移勳과 王權强化 = 52
• 1. 東川王代 이후 王移居記事 檢討 = 52
• 2. 中心地 移動을 통한 王權强化 = 65
• Ⅴ. 結論 = 74
• 參考文默 = 78
• ABSTRACT = 98