The Democracy Movement during the Deng-Jiang Era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The ultimate goal of China's modernization in the 20th century has been to make China strong in relation to the other nations of the world. To achieve that goal, the Chinese government has attempted many modernization policies, the latest of which began in the late 1970's under the Deng regime and encompassed extensive economic reform and limited political reform. After the excesses of the Mao regime, Deng Xiaoping borrowed market principles from capitalism and initiated the Open Door Policy together with the Four Modernizations Campaign.
China accomplished miraculous success economically, but the lack of proper political reform gave rise to the excessive abuse of influence and power by Party cadres and the rampant infection of the society with many social problems, including corruption and bribery. Consequently, the Chinese people were driven to revolt against the government. They believed that only introduction of political system of democracy could eradicate the side effects of Deng's economic reform.
It was the latest and strongest student demonstrations at Tiananmen Square in 1989 which drove the Chinese government policy to switch from mild repression to harsh repression of the freedom of speech. The polic shift operated in conjuction with the replacement of pragmatist young leaders, such as Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, by hardliners like Jiang Zemin and Li Peng.
The political activities of intellectuals have been forced to change from liberal and open dscussions to underground meetings, and from radical rebellions to a slow and steady movement for reform. Political activities however have been under way not only in the mainland China but also abroad. The role of political activists as a pressure group has exercised an indirect but considerable influence on the Chinese government to change its policies through world pressure.
Either at home or abroad, the democracy movement has been under the harsh repression of the Chinese government. On the one hand, the prospects of the movement are dim if considered in the light of their limited influence in many respects. On the other hand, considering the sacrifice and effort of some democracy groups that fight against the arbitrary decisions of the Chinese government, the democracy movement appears to have a vitality that underlines its calls for change in society.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS = ⅰ
• CONTENT = ⅲ
• ABSTRACT = ⅳ
• Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction = 1
• 1. Research Objective = 1
• 2. Research Procedure = 4
• Chapter Ⅱ. Modernization and Democracy In China = 7
• 1. The Modernization Effort Before the Deng Era = 7
• 2. Democracy in Chinese Politics = 14
• Chapter Ⅲ. The Government and Intellectuals = 19
• 1. Deng's Open Door Policy = 19
• 2. Intellectuals under the Deng Regime = 25
• 3. The Policies of Freedom of Speech = 33
• Chapter Ⅳ. The Democracy Movement In the 1970s and 1980s = 40
• 1. The Democracy Movement during Deng Regime = 40
• 2. The Demands for Political Reform = 47
• 3. Political Dissidents = 56
• Chapter Ⅴ. The Democracy Movement In the 1990s = 61
• 1. China After the 1989 Tiananmen Incident = 61
• 2. The Development of Political Activities = 71
• 3. The Significance of the Democracy Movement = 82
• Chapter Ⅵ. Conclusion = 91
• Bibliography = 93