As the production and consumption of plastics have expanded, environmental problems arising from plastic waste and disposal have continued to emerge. In particular, the video released in 2015 showing a sea turtle suffering due to a plastic straw serve...
As the production and consumption of plastics have expanded, environmental problems arising from plastic waste and disposal have continued to emerge. In particular, the video released in 2015 showing a sea turtle suffering due to a plastic straw served as a turning point that sharply heightened public concern over plastic straws, leading to the expansion of regulations and discussions on alternative materials. In this context, Starbucks’ introduction of paper straws was recognized as a representative case of eco-friendly management aimed at reducing plastic use. However, as issues regarding the recyclability, safety, functionality, and cost of paper straws were later raised, the eco-friendly message initially delivered at the time of their introduction could be perceived as distorted in retrospect. Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of intentional greenwashing on consumer responses, while relatively little attention has been paid to cases of unintentional greenwashing, such as Starbucks’ paper straws, in which negative information emerges after the introduction of an eco-friendly product despite the absence of intentional deception. In addition, the influence of inconvenience experienced during product use on behavioral intention has not been sufficiently examined.
Therefore, this study aimed to examine how consumers’ decision-making processes regarding Starbucks paper straw use differ depending on whether unintentional greenwashing information is presented. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were set as key variables, and perceived inconvenience was additionally included to reflect the discomfort experienced during the use of paper straws. Furthermore, internal environmental locus of control and external environmental locus of control were set as antecedent variables. The analysis was conducted separately for the 'green marketing scenario' and the 'unintentional greenwashing scenario', and the results were compared.
To conduct the study, an online self-administered survey was carried out among adults aged 20 or older who had experience using paper straws at Starbucks. The survey was conducted from December 26, 2025, to February 2, 2026. A total of 630 valid responses were used for the final analysis, including 317 responses for the green marketing scenario and 313 responses for the unintentional greenwashing scenario. The measurement items were adapted from previous studies to suit the purpose of this study. The questionnaire consisted of 39 items in total: six items for internal environmental locus of control, six items for external environmental locus of control, four items for attitude, four items for subjective norm, four items for perceived behavioral control, four items for perceived inconvenience, four items for behavioral intention, and seven items for demographic characteristics. The construct items were measured on a five-point Likert scale, while the demographic items were measured using nominal scales. The collected data were analyzed using the JAMOVI statistical program through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, scenario-based linear regression analysis, and mediation analysis.
The results showed that the hypothesis that internal environmental locus of control would have a positive effect on attitude was supported in the green marketing scenario (p = 0.001), but not in the unintentional greenwashing scenario (p = 0.074). Likewise, the hypothesis that internal environmental locus of control would have a negative effect on perceived inconvenience was supported in the green marketing scenario (p = 0.002), but not in the unintentional greenwashing scenario (p = 0.533). In contrast, the hypothesis that external environmental locus of control would have a positive effect on perceived inconvenience was supported in both the green marketing scenario (p = 0.019) and the unintentional greenwashing scenario (p 〈 0.001). The hypothesis that external environmental locus of control would have a negative effect on attitude was not supported in either scenario.
In addition, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were found to have positive effects on behavioral intention to use paper straws again in both scenarios. Specifically, in the green marketing scenario, attitude (p 〈 0.001), subjective norm (p 〈 0.001), and perceived behavioral control (p 〈 0.001) had positive effects on behavioral intention. The same results were also found in the unintentional greenwashing scenario, where attitude (p 〈 0.001), subjective norm (p 〈 0.001), and perceived behavioral control (p 〈 0.001) positively influenced behavioral intention. On the other hand, perceived inconvenience had a negative effect on behavioral intention to use paper straws again in both the green marketing scenario (p 〈 0.001) and the unintentional greenwashing scenario (p 〈 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that the direct effects of internal and external environmental locus of control on behavioral intention were not significant, whereas their total effects were significant. This indicates that consumers’ environmental locus of control did not have significant direct effects on behavioral intention, but rather affected it through mediating variables such as attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived inconvenience, thereby supporting full mediation.
This study has theoretical significance in that it applies the concept of 'unintentional greenwashing', which has been relatively underexplored in previous greenwashing research, to the case of Starbucks paper straws. It empirically examines how the eco-friendly message of a product introduced with environmentally friendly intentions may later be perceived as distorted due to limitations and negative information revealed after its introduction. In addition, by incorporating perceived inconvenience into the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study explains the formation process of consumers’ behavioral intention to use paper straws again. The findings suggest that consumers’ behavioral intention is not determined solely by their environmental control beliefs, but is shaped by product evaluation, opinions and information from people around them, perceived ability to perform the behavior, and inconvenience experienced during actual use. From a practical perspective, the results imply that companies should carefully examine not only the eco-friendly image of a product or alternative material, but also its safety, recyclability, functionality, cost structure, and the level of inconvenience perceived by consumers before introducing it. Furthermore, eco-friendly communication should be based on verifiable evidence and transparent explanations rather than symbolic images. Companies need to present both the benefits and limitations of their products in a balanced manner in order to reduce the possibility of being perceived as engaging in unintentional greenwashing.