This study explores how over-indebted young adults experience and make sense of debt and the resulting changes in their social relationships, how they reconstruct these relationships across online and offline settings, and what role online communicati...
This study explores how over-indebted young adults experience and make sense of debt and the resulting changes in their social relationships, how they reconstruct these relationships across online and offline settings, and what role online communication plays in this process. Previous research on over-indebted young adults has focused primarily on the accumulation of debt and debt adjustment processes, while paying insufficient attention to how debt transforms and restructures the social relationships of those affected. To address this gap, this study employed an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. First, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 over-indebted young adults, and the interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Subsequently, a content analysis was conducted on 676 posts from online communities. The two analytic strands were sequentially integrated, allowing the depth of lived experience captured through the interviews and the patterns of written communication identified in the online community posts to complement and inform one another.
The findings were as follows. First, over-indebted young adults understood debt not as a financial problem detached from their lives, but as a relational experience embedded in family and friendship ties, workplaces, institutions, and digital financial environments. Their debt had emerged within broader life circumstances, including family, friendship, and romantic relationships, the burden of living expenses, health crises, and fraud victimization. Debt was also experienced as a psychosocial event in which the burden of being unable to tell family members and the fear that their debt would become known to others were closely intertwined.
Second, following their experiences of debt, the participants did not simply sever their social ties. Rather, they selectively calibrated relational distance and repositioned their relationships across online and offline settings according to the perceived risk of debt disclosure. In offline relationships, where the risk of exposure was high, they spoke less about themselves or avoided social encounters. On social networking sites linked to existing personal ties, they reduced self-expression and remained primarily in the position of observers. In anonymous online communities, where the risk of social evaluation was comparatively low, they selectively disclosed their circumstances. Silence and observation on social networking sites were therefore not merely forms of inactivity, but active non-disclosure strategies through which participants managed the risk of exposure. This study conceptualizes this pattern as relational repositioning.
Third, online communication functioned as a low-exposure network through which young adults could reconnect with information and others while minimizing the risk of disclosure. In online communities related to debt adjustment, participants searched for institutional information, sought guidance regarding their own circumstances, and drew on the experiences of others in similar situations. They also selectively disclosed information—including the amount of their debt, delinquency status, and consultation outcomes—that they concealed in offline relationships, while anticipating responses from other community members.
The relational repositioning identified in this study occurred along two dimensions. The first, repositioning toward low-exposure networks while avoiding debt disclosure, refers to the selective use of offline relationships, social networking sites linked to existing personal ties, and online communities in order to manage the risk of debt disclosure. The second, reconnecting social relationships, refers to the expansion of social ties through social networking site connections that had previously been maintained from an observer position, once new social roles and accepting relationships emerged following debt adjustment. Taken together, changes in the social relationships of over-indebted young adults should be understood not as a simple process of disconnection or recovery, but as a dynamic process through which relationships are continually adjusted, repositioned, and reconnected over the course of the debt experience.
This study broadens the understanding of recovery among over-indebted young adults beyond the completion of financial adjustment to include the reconstruction of social relationships. It also contributes to the literature by examining online communities related to debt adjustment not merely as information boards, but as low-exposure relational spaces. In particular, the findings demonstrate that online communication—an area that has received limited attention in social welfare research—plays a significant role in the social relationships and recovery processes of over-indebted young adults. These findings suggest that support for over-indebted young adults should extend beyond financial adjustment to provide low-exposure relational spaces in which they can speak safely, while integrating financial welfare services, mental health support, relational recovery, and digital accessibility.