This article presents a signal integrity (SI) analysis framework for panel-level RDL interposer-based chiplet interconnections considering process-induced surface roughness. In chiplet systems, extremely fine-pitch routing and high operating data-...
This article presents a signal integrity (SI) analysis framework for panel-level RDL interposer-based chiplet interconnections considering process-induced surface roughness. In chiplet systems, extremely fine-pitch routing and high operating data- rates make surface roughness a critical factor that can significantly degrade SI performance. To address this issue, the proposed framework first establishes a universal chiplet interconnect express compliant reference channel through VTF-based frequency-domain and eye-diagram analyses under fine-pitch routing constraints. Based on the selected reference channel, surface roughness effects are incorporated using the Huray surface roughness model, and SI degradation is analyzed under 64 Gb/s operation supported by UCIe. The proposed framework enables predictive SI evaluation by incorporating surface-roughness-induced AC resistance into both frequency- and time- domain analyses, allowing the electrical impact of rough conductor surfaces to be systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that surface roughness increases AC resistance and degrades insertion loss characteristics, resulting in severe SI degradation at 64 Gb/s. As the RMS surface roughness increases, the eye-diagram margin continuously decreases due to the increased conductor loss caused by current crowding and reduced effective current-flow area. At 150 nm RMS surface roughness, the channel fails to satisfy the UCIe eye-mask specification, while the eye-diagram height and width decrease by up to 50% and 17.4%, respectively. In addition, the analysis confirms that fine-pitch routing structures become increasingly vulnerable to surface roughness as the wire density and operating bandwidth increase. These findings demonstrate that surface roughness becomes a dominant SI-limiting factor in high-speed panel-level RDL interposer-based chiplet interconnections, particularly under fine-pitch and high-data-rate operating conditions. Therefore, surface roughness must be carefully considered during UCIe channel design under realistic panel-level fabrication conditions. The proposed framework provides practical SI analysis and design guidance for reliable high-speed chiplet interconnections and offers useful design references for future ultra-high-bandwidth chiplet systems.