This thesis examines how the dematerialization strategy adopted by Eastern European Conceptualist artists between the 1960s and 1980s functioned not as an aesthetic experiment derived from Western Conceptual Art, but as a deliberate political strategy...
This thesis examines how the dematerialization strategy adopted by Eastern European Conceptualist artists between the 1960s and 1980s functioned not as an aesthetic experiment derived from Western Conceptual Art, but as a deliberate political strategy for resisting the communist system from within its own linguistic structures of power.
Drawing on Boris Groys’s theorization of communism as a “totally linguistified society,” this study argues that the communist system organized and legitimized power through language rather than through the impersonal mediation of money that characterizes capitalist economies. Because power under this system was articulated through an identifiable speaking subject, it simultaneously opened up the possibility of critique through that same linguistic medium—a possibility, however, severely constrained by the system’s mechanisms of censorship, purges, and surveillance. Following the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the 1968 Prague Spring, explicit and confrontational dissent within the system became untenable across the Eastern Bloc, compelling artists to invent more strategic and indirect forms of linguistic resistance.
Within this condition, dematerialization—the shift from material objects to photography, documents, actions, arrangements, and relations—served a fundamentally different function than it did in the West. Whereas Lucy Lippard’s and Sol LeWitt’s dematerialization targeted the commodification of art within an existing market, artists working under the communist system operated in the absence of an autonomous art market altogether. For them, dematerialization became a practical means of evading the system’s censorship apparatus, since meaning generated retroactively through context and relation resisted the fixed, explicit forms that state surveillance was designed to intercept. This thesis terms this phenomenon “political dematerialization” and situates it at the intersection of Groys’s theory of linguistic power and the art-historical distinction—articulated in the 1999 exhibition Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin, 1950s–1980s—between Western “Conceptual Art” and the geographically decentralized, politically engaged category of “Conceptualism.”
Methodologically, this study combines theoretical analysis with close readings of specific artworks produced in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. This linguistic resistance is examined across three registers, corresponding to the thesis’s three case-study sections: first, the manipulation of official language, in which Jürgen Wittdorf and Július Koller infiltrated state art institutions while destabilizing the boundary between official and unofficial art from within the system; second, the fracturing of everyday urban and commemorative signs, in which Ľubomír Ďurček, Braco Dimitrijević, and the Happsoc collective disrupted the system’s organization of public meaning; and third, the metaphorization of censorship itself, in which Tadeusz Kantor and Tamás Szentjóby exposed the internal contradictions and limits of the system’s control over information.
The conclusion argues that these practices should not be understood as passive responses to political repression or as derivative extensions of Western Conceptual Art, but as an autonomous political and aesthetic practice that infiltrated and destabilized the communist system’s linguistic power structure from within—repositioning Eastern European Conceptualism as an independent art-historical subject in its own right, and offering a historical model for understanding how subtler, less visible forms of linguistic power operate today.