백제 왕도（王都）의 풍수지리적 입지 연구 : 공주‧부여‧익산을 중심으로 = A Study on the Feng Shui-Geographical Siting of the Baekje Royal Capital - Focusing on Gongju?Buyeo?Iksan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Ph. D, Thesis


A Study on the Feng Shui-Geographical Siting
of the Baekje Royal Capital
- Focusing on Gongju‧Buyeo‧Iksan -


Choi Hong-chul

Major in Korea Studies
Department of Korea Studies
Graduate School
Yeungnam University

（Supervised by Professor Chung Yong-Kyo）

Abstract

This study compared and analyzed the locations of the three royal capitals of the Baekje Historic Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, from a geomantic perspective. The sites included the royal fortresses and presumed palace sites built during that period, as well as the royal tombs and temples established after the deaths of kings and royal family members. Historically, the empirical locational perspective applied to the spatial design of the royal capital, which sustained the golden age of Baekje culture for over 180 years, was analyzed to have a connection with the logical system of Feng Shui.
The presumed royal palace site of the Baekje capital is situated on the third ridge of the main mountain of the royal fortress, with a small hill behind it, a courtyard and a pond in the center in front, and it faces the mountain peak opposite. The Geum River flows around the back of the Ungjin（熊津） and Sabi（泗沘） royal fortresses, whereas in Geumma（金馬）, streams flow from both sides. The Ungjin royal palace is situated on the highest point among the royal fortresses, so its auxiliary buildings are built on a lower level at the rear. However, the auxiliary buildings of the Sabi and Geumma royal palaces are arranged on a slightly lower level at the front.
In terms of feng shui, the site of the royal palace relies on the place where the dragon vein of the main mountain extends down to form ‘Ing’ （孕）, and the pond created in the courtyard symbolizes the Jidang（池塘）.
The water here is yongchulsu（龍出水）that has gushed out, signifying that the dragon vein has settled upon meeting the water. Furthermore, the streams flowing from the left and right represent the holyongsu（護龍水） and when they meet, the water flows directly to the ground. The uplifted site of the royal palace refers to the shape where the incoming dragon rested. The orientation was determined so that the mountain facing the main mountain would look toward peaks rising in the forms of moghyeong（木形）, geumhyeong（金形）, tohyeong（土形）, thereby continuously receiving vital energy through mutual correspondence and reflection with the royal palace site. It is a location selected for the safety and prosperity of the royal family.
The locations of the royal tombs of the Baekje capitals are sites that have inherited the dragon vein of the main mountain; Ungjin and Sabi are pyeongganglyong（平岡龍） extending from hyeongmubong（玄武峰）, while Geumma appears in the form of pyeongjilyong（平地龍）. The entrance following the direction of the main dragon vein is a 180-degree rotating dragon vein in Ungjin, a 90-degree rotating dragon vein in Sabi, and a flying dragon in Geumma. The terrain was formed without the sasinsa（四神砂） or left and right sagyeog（砂格）, facing only ibsulyong（入首龍） and the Front Mountain, or without the holyongsa（護龍砂）, with a waterway. The water flows from left to right or right to left from the center of the hyeolchang（穴場）, or flows in the form of gungsu（弓水）, imsu（臨水）, or jiggeosu（直去水）.
In terms of Feng Shui, the three royal tomb sites are central dragon veins originating from Hyunmu Peak, and they formed a ing（孕） to create a vital energy site. The scale of the sites is largest at Ungjin Royal Tomb Complex, followed by Sabi Royal Tomb Complex and Geumma Royal Tomb Complex. Since Sabi Royal Tomb is the only place equipped with the sasinsa, it was analyzed that the successful re-establishment of the burial site influenced the prosperity of the royal capital. jwa-hyang, only the Tomb of King Muryeong in Ungjin faces the royal city to serve as a spiritual pillar, while the others followed the Ansan-iphyang method（案山入向法）, facing Ansan and Jusan. The form of obtaining a waterway is a pond in Ungjin, a main stream in Sabi, and a stream in Geumma, but only the Sabi Royal Tomb complex conforms to the water source form according to the framing method. Therefore, the location of the Baekje royal tombs embodies the Yin-Yang philosophy that distinguishes between residential and burial sites. And the capacity that influenced the prosperity of the royal capital based on the capabilities of the site was analyzed as the Sabi Royal Tomb.
In the case of Ungjin and Sabi, the Baekje temple sites are located about 1 km in front of the royal palace sites, while Geumma is located 4 km away from the royal palace sites, and remains include flagpole bases, stone pagodas, and ponds. The site of Daetongsa Temple in Ungjin faces the Taegungjinhyang（兌宮震向）, while Sabi and Geumma face the Gamgungnihyang（坎宮離向）, and the water flowing in front appears in the form of a pond and a confluence by the inner and outer waters. The temple site is a place where the central dragon vein forms a pyeongjilyong（평지룡）, and the inlet is in the form of a jiglyong（直龍） in Ungjin, a eunlyong（은룡） in Sabi, and a jamlyong（潛龍） in Geumma. Regarding the spatial arrangement of the temples, Ungjin and Sabi were built with a single main hall and a single pagoda, whereas Geumma appears to have a three-main hall and three-pagoda layout with a wooden pagoda in the center and a single main hall and a single pagoda on the left and right.
In terms of Feng Shui, temple sites generate energy from the central dragon of the main mountain, and the incoming dragon veins forming the site appear differently in each case. Mireuksa（彌勒寺）Site and Daetongsa（大通寺） Site were formed by the dragon vein opening from the main mountain, but Jeonglimsa（定林寺） Site was formed by the outer mountain and outer water. In particular, the sites where ponds formed by internal water to counteract the flow of energy according to the direction of the dragon vein are Mireuksa Temple Site and Jeonglimsa Temple Site, while Daetongsa Temple Site is the only place where a water-filled pond was formed. The placement of the temple in front of the royal palace is judged to have the character of a royal temple for the prosperity and safety of the royal family, but the Mireuksa Temple site is located away from the royal city, so it is judged to have intended to foster Buddhist culture through the Maitreya faith. Therefore, it was analyzed that the site selection of Baekje temples, characterized by the integration of topography and the empirical spatial arrangement in the form of protective measures based on the direction of the dragon vein, is linked to the logical system of Feng Shui.
This study is considered significant in that it analyzed the location and spatial design from a geomantic perspective by applying indicators such as the main mountain, mountain shape, incoming dragon vein, jise, sasinsa, deugsu, jidang, jeongjyeol, ibsulyong, jwahyang and orientation to the royal castles, palaces, royal tombs, and temples built during each of the three relocated royal capitals. However, since the application of Feng Shui indicators was based primarily on field surveys and literature analysis, objective data was not sufficiently reflected, which limits the generalizability of the results.
Future research needs to expand research methods that connect geomantic interpretations with empirical and quantitative data, focusing on the landscape of the Baekje capital, the spatial layout of the royal palace and capital, the location and geomantic formations of royal tombs and burial mounds, and the historical and cultural value of royal temples. This research will be utilized as foundational data for the feng shui storytelling of the cultural heritage of the Baekje Historic District.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 제1절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 1. 연구의 배경 1
• 2. 연구의 목적 7
• 제2절 선행연구 고찰 12
• 제3절 연구의 범위와 방법 25
• 1. 연구의 범위 25
• 2. 연구의 방법 27
• Ⅱ. 왕도(王都)입지 분석의 이론 틀 31
• 제1절 풍수지리사상 31
• 1. 산악숭배(山嶽崇拜) 31
• 2. 음양오행(陰陽五行) 34
• 3. 동기감응(同氣感應) 40
• 4. 지인상관(地人相關) 44
• 제2절 풍수지리의 형식논리 48
• 1. 산세분석 48
• 2. 지세분석 50
• 3. 수세분석 53
• 4. 정혈분석 59
• 5. 좌향분석 63
• 제3절 풍수지리의 향법 83
• 1. 정음정양의 번괘보성향법(飜卦輔星向法) 83
• 2. 번괘장결의 삼길육수(三吉六秀) 85
• 3. 고금도서집성의 양택십서(陽宅十書) 86
• Ⅲ. 왕도별 유적의 개관 및 입지 고찰 91
• 제1절 웅진(熊津)왕도 91
• 1. 공산성의 개관과 입지 91
• 2. 공주 왕릉원의 입지 100
• 3. 대통사지의 입지 105
• 제2절 사비(泗沘)왕도 110
• 1. 관북리 유적의 개관과 입지 110
• 2. 부여 왕릉원의 입지 117
• 3. 정림사지의 입지 121
• 제3절 금마(金馬)왕도 125
• 1. 왕궁리유적의 개관과 입지 125
• 2. 익산 왕릉원의 입지 133
• 3. 미륵사지의 입지 136
• Ⅳ. 백제왕도 유적에 관한 풍수지리 분석 141
• 제1절 백제 왕궁(王宮) 141
• 1. 웅진 도성의 왕궁 터 141
• 2. 사비 도성의 왕궁 터 149
• 3. 금마 도성의 왕궁 터 155
• 4. 소결 162
• 제2절 백제 왕릉(王陵) 165
• 1. 공주 왕릉원 165
• 2. 부여 왕릉원 172
• 3. 익산 왕릉원 178
• 4. 소결 182
• 제3절 백제 사찰(寺刹) 186
• 1. 웅진 왕도의 대통사지 186
• 2. 사비 왕도의 정림사지 193
• 3. 금마 왕도의 미륵사지 200
• 4. 소결 208
• Ⅴ. 결 론 211
• 1. 연구 요약 211
• 2. 연구의 한계와 향후 과제 215
• 참고문헌 216
• 기타자료 220
• 영문초록 221