Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority （NDMA） in Flood Response; A Case Study of the 2022 and 2025 Floods = 파키스탄 국가재난관리청（NDMA）의 홍수,대응 효과성 평가 ; 2022 년과 2025 년 사례 비교

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study assesses the performance of Pakistan’s National Disaster Management Authority （NDMA） in addressing the severe flood events of 2022 and 2025. The research explores how institutional coordination, governance frameworks, and disaster response strategies shaped the effectiveness of flood management in the country. Although formal disaster management institutions have been established, Pakistan continues to encounter substantial difficulties in terms of disaster readiness, inter-agency coordination, and execution during large-scale crises. The study employs a qualitative comparative case study methodology grounded in an interpretivist research philosophy. Secondary documentary analysis was utilized to gather information from official NDMA reports, government documents, reports from international organizations, and academic sources. Institutional Theory and disaster governance principles serve as the theoretical foundation for evaluating institutional effectiveness. The results show that the flood response in 2025 saw enhancements in coordination, administrative efficiency, and organizational readiness when contrasted with the floods of 2022. Nevertheless, ongoing issues such as institutional fragmentation, implementation shortfalls, and coordination difficulties among the NDMA, PDMAs, and DDMAs still constrain the overall effectiveness of disaster response. The research concludes that institutional learning has helped advance governance, yet sustained effectiveness hinges on more robust coordination mechanisms, a culture of preparedness, and comprehensive reforms in disaster governance across Pakistan.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Chapter 1 Introduction 1
• 1.1 Background of the Study 1
• 1.2 Research Problem and Research Puzzle 3
• 1.3 Research Question 4
• 1.4 Research Objectives 5
• 1.5 Analytical Propositions 6
• 1.6 Research Methodology Overview 6
• 1.7 Thesis Statement, Significance, Scope and Structure of the Thesis 7
• Chapter 2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework 10
• 2.1 Introduction 10
• 2.2 Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction 11
• 2.3 Institutional Governance and Disaster Management 12
• 2.4 Disaster Governance Frameworks in Developing Countries 13
• 2.5 Institutional Fragmentation in Disaster Governance (with International Perspective) 14
• 2.6 Flood Disasters in Pakistan 15
• 2.7 Institutional Response to Flood Disasters 17
• 2.8 Research Gap 19
• 2.9 Conceptual Framework 21
• 2.10 Summary 22
• Chapter 3 Research Methodology 23
• 3.1 Introduction 23
• 3.2 Research Philosophy 23
• 3.3 Research Design 24
• 3.4 Case Study Approach 25
• 3.5 Data Sources and Collection 26
• 3.6 Analytical Framework and Method 28
• 3.7 Chapter Summary 31
• Chapter 4 Analysis and Findings 32
• 4.1 Introduction 32
• 4.2 Pakistan's Disaster Governance System 33
• 4.3 NDMA Mandate and Responsibilities 35
• 4.4 Challenges Affecting NDMA Before the 2022 Floods 36
• 4.5 Analysis of NDMA Response During the 2022 Floods 37
• 4.6 Analysis of NDMA Response During the 2025 Floods 40
• 4.7 Comparative Analysis of Institutional Effectiveness 44
• 4.8 Discussion of Findings 48
• 4.9 Chapter Summary 49
• Chapter 5 International Comparative Perspective on Disaster Governance 50
• 5.1 Introduction 50
• 5.2 Institutional Learning from Disaster: Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy 51
• 5.3 Comparative Analysis: Pakistan and the United States 52
• 5.4 Comparative Overview of Developed Disaster Management Systems 53
• 5.5 Comparative Lessons from International Cases 54
• 5.6 Lessons for Pakistan 55
• 5.7 Chapter Summary 57
• Chapter 6 Conclusion 58
• 6.1 Introduction 58
• 6.2 Summary of Key Findings 58
• 6.3 Comparative Similarities and Differences 59
• 6.4 Overall Conclusion and Theoretical Insights 60
• 6.5 Practical Implications 61
• 6.6 Limitations of the Study 62
• 6.7 Recommendations for Future Research 63
• 6.8 Final Concluding Reflection 64
• Reference 65
• Appendices 77
• 국문초록 83