The purpose of this study was to implement play using unstructured play materials with two-year-old toddlers and to explore in depth how their playfulness was enhanced and how their play changed throughout this process. In addition, by examining the c...
The purpose of this study was to implement play using unstructured play materials with two-year-old toddlers and to explore in depth how their playfulness was enhanced and how their play changed throughout this process. In addition, by examining the changes in interactions and responses between the toddlers and the teacher during the implementation process, this study sought to explore the educational meaning of unstructured play materials for toddlers’ play and the enhancement of their playfulness. The research questions established for this purpose were as follows. 1. what is the process of implementing play using unstructured play materials to enhance the playfulness of two-year-old toddlers? 2. what changes emerge in toddlers and the teacher during the process of implementing play using unstructured play materials to enhance toddlers’ playfulness? This study was conducted as action research involving 12 toddlers in a two-year-old class, the researcher, and one peer teacher at B Daycare Center in C-si. The study was carried out over approximately nine months, from March 17 to December 31, 2025. Based on Mills’s (2000) dialectical spiral model of action research, the study proceeded through two cycles centered on the circular process of planning, implementation, reflection, and revision. Data were collected mainly through childcare logs, observation journals, play photographs, video recordings, and field notes. In addition, consultation records with the peer teacher and the researcher’s journal were analyzed as supplementary data. The collected data were categorized and analyzed according to each research question. The findings were as follows. First, play using unstructured play materials to enhance the playfulness of two-year-old toddlers was gradually revised and supplemented through repeated cycles of implementation and reflection. In the first cycle, opportunities were provided for toddlers to voluntarily select and explore unstructured play materials and to lead their own play. The teacher respected the toddlers’ autonomous ways of playing and interacted with them responsively. However, several difficulties arose during implementation, including the disorganization of the classroom environment and the fragmentation of play themes. To address these issues, support strategies in the second cycle included reorganizing play spaces to enable the integrated use of unstructured play materials, providing materials related to emerging play themes, and encouraging the teacher to participate actively as a play partner. As a result, the toddlers voluntarily participated in play and enjoyed playing with peers, while the teacher reflected on ways to support play that began and expanded from the toddlers’ own initiatives. Second, through play with unstructured play materials, toddlers’ symbolic play expressions and experimental attempts in play increased, and cooperation and interaction among peers were promoted. In the process of implementing play with unstructured play materials, the teacher came to consider toddlers’ playfulness when selecting materials and supporting play. The teacher’s perception of who initiates and leads play also shifted from being teacher-centered to being more toddler-centered. In addition, the teacher showed increased interest in and flexibility toward play, along with a change in attitude from that of an evaluator and observer to that of a play partner. Based on these findings, the following implications can be drawn. First, the enhancement of playfulness in two-year-old toddlers through unstructured play materials is not achieved merely by providing such materials. Rather, it is meaningfully promoted through the coordinated adjustment of an environment that ensures toddlers’ autonomous choices and the teacher’s responsive and participatory interactions. This suggests that the development of toddlers’ playfulness emerges from the interaction among toddlers, teachers, and the environment, rather than being determined solely by the characteristics of individual materials. Second, play with unstructured play materials should be understood as an experience that expands toddlers’ diverse play experiences related to playfulness. In this process, the teacher’s perception and attitude serve as significant variables in enhancing toddlers’ playfulness. Therefore, teachers in two-year-old classrooms should closely observe how toddlers use play materials, select and provide materials while appropriately considering the degree of structure of the materials, and, when necessary, collaborate with toddlers in organizing play experiences. Through such support, toddlers can voluntarily choose materials, engage in play, and continue to develop their playfulness.