A Comparative Study on Improvement Measures for Juvenile Justice Systems in South Korea and China Juvenile delinquency has become an increasingly complex challenge for contemporary criminal justice systems. In both South Korea and China, juvenile crim...
A Comparative Study on Improvement Measures for Juvenile Justice Systems in South Korea and China Juvenile delinquency has become an increasingly complex challenge for contemporary criminal justice systems. In both South Korea and China, juvenile crime shows tendencies toward younger age, greater violence, school-related collective offending, and cyber-related forms of misconduct. These changes have intensified the tension between juvenile protection and public safety, and have raised difficult questions concerning the proper scope of criminal responsibility, the limits of punishment, and the role of education and correction in juvenile justice. Against this background, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the juvenile justice systems in South Korea and China, with the aim of identifying the institutional characteristics, practical limitations, and possible paths for mutual reference between the two countries. This study adopts a comparative legal method and examines the two systems from several dimensions: theoretical foundations, legislative history, criminal responsibility age, special rules for the recognition of subjective intent, regulation of specific juvenile crime types, types of punishment, sentencing factors, execution of penalties, correctional education, crime prevention mechanisms, post-offense relief, and procedural rights protection. Through this structure, the study does not merely compare statutory provisions, but also analyzes the policy logic and practical operation behind each system. ZHANG, JIA QI Advisor: Prof. LEE, Won Sang, Ph.D. Department of Law, Graduate School, Chosun University The research finds that South Korea and China share a common concern for the special protection of juveniles, but their institutional paths differ significantly. South Korea has developed a juvenile justice system centered on the Juvenile Act. Its system emphasizes juvenile protection, family court intervention, protective dispositions, probation, juvenile training schools, and the connection between judicial measures and social welfare resources. China, by contrast, has formed a juvenile crime governance model based on the Criminal Law, the Criminal Procedure Law, the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, and the Law on the Protection of Minors. The Chinese system emphasizes the principle of “education first and punishment as a supplement,” and has developed mechanisms such as graded prevention, specialized correctional education, criminal record sealing, and conditional criminal responsibility for certain serious offenses committed by minors aged twelve to fourteen. The comparison also reveals several major differences. First, the two countries differ in the structure of criminal responsibility age and in the way they respond to low-age serious crime. South Korea maintains the traditional standard that persons under fourteen are not subject to criminal punishment, while China has conditionally lowered the minimum age of criminal responsibility for extremely serious offenses through the 2021 amendment to the Criminal Law. Second, South Korea relies heavily on protective dispositions and judicial discretion, whereas China tends to establish more explicit statutory standards and graded intervention mechanisms. Third, South Korea has more diversified correctional and protective measures, while China shows stronger legislative systematization in prevention, intervention, and record sealing. These differences demonstrate that the two countries face similar problems but respond through different legal techniques. Based on these findings, this study argues that the differences between the two systems should not be understood as simple opposition, but as resources for mutual improvement. South Korea may refer to China’s experience in legislative systematization, quantified sentencing standards, criminal reconciliation, and graded early intervention for delinquent juveniles. Such reference may help improve the predictability of dispositions and reduce excessive dependence on judicial discretion. China, on the other hand, may refer to South Korea’s diversified protective disposition system, juvenile classification review system, juvenile training school operation, and community-based correctional experience. In particular, China should further refine its response to low-age serious crime by considering the comparative discussion on the “malice supplies the age” rule, so as to avoid relying solely on a rigid lowering of the criminal responsibility age. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that juvenile crime is increasingly becoming a transnational and technologically mediated problem. Cybercrime, digital sexual offenses, school violence, and cross-border online misconduct require not only domestic legal reform but also regional cooperation. Therefore, this study proposes the establishment of an East Asian juvenile justice cooperation platform led by South Korea and China. Such a platform may include regular exchanges among juvenile justice institutions, joint research on juvenile crime data, cooperation in professional training, and comparative studies on correctional programs and recidivism prevention. In conclusion, this study maintains that the future development of juvenile justice in South Korea and China should be based on a balanced approach that combines protection, responsibility, education, correction, and public safety. South Korea should strengthen the clarity and effectiveness of its juvenile disposition standards, while China should further refine individualized responsibility assessment and diversify correctional education models. By learning from each other and by building a regional cooperation mechanism, the two countries can contribute to the improvement of juvenile justice systems and the broader protection of juveniles in East Asia.