PART I
BMAP-18, derived from the N-terminal region of bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide BMAP-27, demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory prop...
PART I
BMAP-18, derived from the N-terminal region of bovine myeloid antimicrobial peptide BMAP-27, demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties of BMAP-18, rich in aromatic phenylalanine residues, with its aliphatic analog, BMAP-18-FL. Both aromatic BMAP18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL exhibited equally potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA). Mechanistic investigations employing SYTOX green uptake, DNA binding, and FACScan analysis revealed that both peptides acted by inducing membrane permeabilization and subsequent intracellular targeting. Moreover, both BMAP-18 and BMAP-18-FL effectively prevented biofilm formation and eradicated existing biofilms of MRSA and MDRPA. Notably, BMAP-18-FL displayed a superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to BMAP-18, significantly reducing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. This study emphasizes the similarities and differences in the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties between aromatic BMAP-18 and aliphatic BMAP-18-FL, providing valuable insights for the development of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides against drug-resistant bacteria.
PART II
The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria calls for new antimicrobials that combine broad activity with minimal host toxicity. Four short cationic peptides: RL-12, RF-12, KL-12, and KF-12 were designed to dissect how aromatic versus aliphatic hydrophobic residues and guanidinium (Arg) versus primary amine (Lys) cationic groups govern antimicrobial function. Helical wheel projections and circular dichroism spectra showed that all peptides adopt amphipathic helical conformations in membrane-mimetic environments. Nevertheless, arginine-rich RL-12 and RF-12 displayed markedly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and drug-resistant strains than their lysine-rich counterparts KL-12 and KF-12. RL-12 and RF-12 also exhibited superior inhibition and eradication of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and induced stronger outer and inner membrane disruption, as demonstrated by N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN) uptake, calcein leakage, and propidium iodide flow cytometry. Despite higher antibacterial potency, arginine-based peptides maintained acceptable cytocompatibility toward macrophage and microglial cells, whereas KF-12 showed the widest safety margin. All peptides attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide production, with leucine-containing analogues showing the most balanced anti-inflammatory profiles. Critically, this study reveals that homopolymeric sequences cannot recapitulate the cell-compatible, multifunctional profile of natural host-defence peptides, which achieve their remarkable balance through heterogeneous mixtures of aliphatic, aromatic, guanidinium, and amine chemistries. These results provide rational design principles for next-generation antimicrobial peptides with improved selectivity.
PART III
Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) are cell-derived model systems that preserve the lipid composition and lateral organization of native plasma membranes, making them valuable tools for studying membrane phase separation and protein partitioning. In this study, GPMVs were generated from BV-2 microglial and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to examine how pattern recognition receptors Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 distribute between Lo and Ld domains under basal conditions and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Phase separation was visualized using the Lo marker CTxB and the Ld dyes DiO/DiI/DiD, which showed robust, complementary partitioning and confirmed clear domain formation in both cell types. TLR4, labeled with Alexa Fluor 488, was detectable on the membranes of RAW 264.7 and LPS stimulated BV-2 derived GPMVs but did not show strong enrichment in either GM1 rich (Lo) or DiO/DiD rich (Ld) regions, suggesting that under the present conditions TLR4 samples both phases rather than functioning as a strictly raft restricted or non-raft receptor. In contrast, CD14 fluorescence on BV-2 GPMVs was weak or undetectable, preventing reliable assessment of its domain preference. These findings demonstrate that GPMVs from inflammatory cell lines provide a useful platform for visualizing raft–non-raft organization and indicate that further optimization of stimulation and labelling protocols will be needed to quantitatively resolve subtle changes in TLR4 and CD14 partitioning during LPS-induced signaling.