Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, economic cooperation between China and Latin America has expanded rapidly. As China's influence grew in Latin America, which the United States has traditionally regarded as its sphere of influence, the U.S. ...
Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, economic cooperation between China and Latin America has expanded rapidly. As China's influence grew in Latin America, which the United States has traditionally regarded as its sphere of influence, the U.S. has sought to contain this expansion through various means. Amid intensifying U.S.–China competition, the member states of the Pacific Alliance (PA)-Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile- are employing diverse strategies to secure their own interests and strategic autonomy.
This study aims to compare and analyze the changes in strategies toward the U.S. and China among PA member states, and to examine how cross-national differences in these strategies are related to external economic dependence structures, government ideology, and the institutional framework of the PA. To this end, the four PA countries were selected as the subjects of analysis. Neorealism, complex interdependence, and institutionalism were employed as the theoretical foundations of the study. The intensity of U.S.–China competition, dependence on exports and trade balances with the United States and China, and government ideology were established as the principal analytical factors. The levels of U.S. alignment and China hedging in each country were organized through auxiliary indicators based on the frequency of policy actions. These indicators are not intended as tools for rigorous QCA analysis, but rather serve as supplementary analytical instruments for comparing strategic tendencies across countries.
The analysis reveals that Mexico maintained a consistently strong tendency toward alignment with the United States throughout the period under examination, while Colombia traditionally exhibited a U.S.-aligned orientation but demonstrated fluctuation as pro-China initiatives intensified following changes in government. Peru expanded economic cooperation with China while displaying periodic strategic adjustments, whereas Chile consistently maintained a balancing strategy by simultaneously pursuing cooperation with both the United States and China. Despite these cross-national differences, all four countries maintained the PA’s shared commitment to free trade and external openness.
This study demonstrates that, under the external pressure of U.S.–China competition, the strategic choices of PA member states are not merely responses to temporary events but rather the result of the interaction between external economic dependence structures and institutional contexts. Furthermore, the study differentiates itself from existing research by attempting a comparative analysis through the quantification of U.S.–China competition intensity, external dependence structures, and strategic choices. It also provides policy implications for South Korea’s strategy toward the PA, suggesting that the Alliance should not be treated as a single and homogeneous entity, but rather approached in a manner that reflects the structural characteristics and strategic differences of its individual member states.