Korean society has experienced a persistent ultra-low fertility trend, with the total fertility rate reaching a record low of 0.72 in 2023. Childbearing involves long-term expenditures related to childrearing, and households may adjust their resource ...
Korean society has experienced a persistent ultra-low fertility trend, with the total fertility rate reaching a record low of 0.72 in 2023. Childbearing involves long-term expenditures related to childrearing, and households may adjust their resource allocation and expenditure priorities not only after childbirth but also at the stage when fertility intention is formed. However, previous studies have mainly focused on identifying the determinants of childbirth or analyzing changes in household expenditure after childbirth. Relatively little attention has been paid to how households adjust their consumption expenditure structure before childbirth, when fertility intention is newly formed. In addition, policy responses to low fertility need to focus not only on encouraging fertility intention among those without such intention, but also on reducing the structural constraints that may weaken already formed fertility intentions or prevent them from being realized as actual childbirth. Nevertheless, few studies have examined how such structural conditions, including housing cost burden and income constraints, interact with fertility intention formation to produce differences in household consumption expenditure structures.
Against this background, this study analyzes differences in consumption expenditure structures between households in which fertility intention was formed and comparable households in which fertility intention remained absent. It further examines whether these differences vary by housing cost burden and income level. Using data from the first to ninth waves of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF), covering the period from 2007 to 2022, the analysis focuses on married women of reproductive age between 19 and 49. A treatment group was defined as households in which fertility intention changed from absent to present, while the control group consisted of households in which fertility intention remained absent during the same period. Mahalanobis Distance Matching (MDM) was applied to construct a matched sample, and mean-difference tests were conducted for changes in the expenditure shares of 11 consumption categories.
The results show that, in the full sample, weakly significant differences were observed only in the share of private education expenses for children. However, subgroup analyses by housing cost burden and income level revealed more pronounced differences. Among households with a housing cost burden, significant differences were found in four categories: increases in the shares of dining-out expenses and private education expenses for children, and decreases in the shares of healthcare expenses and culture and recreation expenses. In contrast, no significant differences were observed among households without a housing cost burden. By income level, significant differences were found among low-income households in five categories: healthcare expenses, housing and utility expenses, culture and recreation expenses, transportation and communication expenses, and other consumption expenditures. Among middle-income households, only the share of food expenses showed a weakly significant difference. Among high-income households, significant differences were observed in three categories: private education expenses for children, housing and utility expenses, and household goods and services.
These findings suggest that the relationship between fertility intention formation and household consumption expenditure structures cannot be reduced to a single average pattern. Rather, it becomes more pronounced when combined with household economic conditions, particularly housing cost burden and income level. The results indicate that households may experience economic and residential constraints in the process through which fertility intention is translated into actual childbirth, and that such constraints may be associated with the reallocation of consumption expenditures. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing fertility should not merely seek to encourage fertility intention, but should also be designed to support the realization of already formed fertility intentions by addressing housing cost burden, income constraints, and access to everyday services. This study suggests that fertility support policies need to extend beyond uniform cash transfers or post-childbirth cost subsidies toward pre-birth housing stability, income-group-specific support, and the expansion of neighborhood-based service infrastructure.