An Analysis of the Human Rights Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia （1990–2022） = 콜롬비아 내 외국인직접투자의 인권 영향 분석（1990–2022）

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since the late twentieth century, globalization has transformed the conditions under which foreign direct investment （FDI）—a central driver of global capital—operates, generating persistent tensions between its profit-driven logic and the imperative to safeguard human dignity within asymmetric power relations. This study analyzes the human rights impacts of FDI in Colombia between 1990 and 2022.
The analysis adopts a human development framework to examine human rights through three spheres of human flourishing: autonomy （civil and political rights）, social- material conditions （economic and social rights）, and cultural and ecological embeddedness （collective and environmental rights）.
Using a historical-structural approach, the study develops a three-level analytical strategy combining descriptive longitudinal analysis, macro- and micro-level relational analysis, and a critical comparative perspective. At the macro level, it identifies the main channels and drivers of FDI impacts. At the micro level, two emblematic cases—Chiquita Brands and Zijin–Continental Gold—illustrate how these dynamics unfold in local contexts over time.
The findings show that human rights outcomes vary across rights categories and investment sectors. These effects are shaped by structural features of host territories, particularly their productive structures, historical trajectories of conflict and exclusion, and state capacity to regulate and channel FDI.
To address these dynamics, the study introduces the Dynamic Friction Management Model （DFMM）, a heuristic framework designed to guide institutional arrangements in contexts of high fragility. The model provides a structured approach to managing socio- territorial tensions through continuous monitoring, structured dialogue, and preventive institutional intervention.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. Introduction 1
• 1.1 Conceptual Framework 8
• 1.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment 8
• 1.1.2 Human Rights 13
• 1.1.3 Development 18
• 1.2 Methodological Framework 19
• 1.2.1 Epistemological and Ethical Considerations 20
• 1.2.2 Case Selection 20
• 1.2.3 Documentary Fieldwork 21
• 1.2.4 Multilevel Analytical Strategy 24
• 1.2.5 Limitations 25
• 2. Theoretical Approach to the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Human Rights 27
• 2.1 Theoretical Perspectives on FDI, Development, and Human Rights 27
• 2.1.1 Theoretical Perspectives on FDI and Economic Development 28
• 2.1.2 FDI and Human Rights 29
• 2.1.3 From Economic Growth to Human Development 34
• 2.2 Comparative Literature on FDI and Human Rights 35
• 2.2.1 Mexico 36
• 2.2.2 Nigeria 39
• 2.2.3 Vietnam 41
• 2.2.4 South Korea 44
• 2.2.5 Insights for Addressing FDI and Human Rights: A Comparative Perspective 46
• 2.3 Conclusions 48
• 3. Foreign Direct Investment and Human Rights in Colombia: Legal Architecture and Regulatory Frameworks 49
• 3.1 FDI’s Regime in Colombia 50
• 3.2 Business and Human Rights 56
• 3.2.1 Integrating Human Rights into Corporate Sustainability 56
• 3.2.2 International and Regional Human Rights Framework 58
• 3.2.3 Business and Human Rights in Colombia: Constitutional and Policy Architecture 60
• 3.2.4 Legal Liability Regimes and Corporate Accountability Mechanisms in Colombia 63
• 3.2.5 Institutional Architecture for Business and Human Rights Governance 63
• 3.2.6 Structural Gaps and Limitations 64
• 3.3 FDI Regulation and Human Rights: Progress and Limitations 66
• 3.4 Conclusions 68
• 4. Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia （1990–2022）: Trajectory, Determinants, and Effects on Economic Growth 70
• 4.1 Evolution of FDI in Colombia 71
• 4.1.1 First Period （1990–2002）: Economic Liberalization in an Unstable Environment 71
• 4.1.2. Second Period （2003–2011）: Expansion and Boom 73
• 4.1.3 Third Period （2012–2022）: Adaptation in a Context of Global Instability 75
• 4.1.4 Characterization of FDI in Colombia 76
• 4.2 Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia 79
• 4.2.1 Economic Liberalization Policy and the Domestic Regulatory Framework 80
• 4.2.2 Global Economic Dynamics 81
• 4.2.3 Economic Stability 82
• 4.2.4 Market Size 83
• 4.2.5 Local Production Conditions 84
• 4.3 FDI and Colombian Economic Growth （1990–2022）: Contributions and Challenges 89
• 4.3.1. Development Financing 89
• 4.3.2 Labor Market 90
• 4.3.3 Technology Transfer 92
• 4.3.4 Colombia’s Participation in Global Value Chains （GVC） 93
• 4.4 Conclusions 95
• 5. Human Rights in Colombia （1990–2022）: Progress and Structural Limitations 97
• 5.1 Evolution of Human Rights in Colombia from 1990 to 2022 98
• 5.1.1 The Chaos （1990–2001） 99
• 5.1.2 Smoke and Mirrors （2002-2010） 107
• 5.1.3 A Fractured Society Exposed （2011-2022） 115
• 5.2 The Dualities of Economic Growth in Relation to Human Rights 122
• 5.3 Structural Challenges to Human Rights in Colombia 123
• 5.4 Conclusions 128
• 6. A Macro Level Approach to the Human Rights Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in Colombia （1990-2022） 130
• 6.1 Impacts of FDI on Human Rights in Colombia 131
• 6.1.1 Civil and Political Rights 132
• 6.1.2 Social and Economic Rights 136
• 6.1.3 Collective and Environmental Rights 140
• 6.1.4 Analyzing FDI Impacts Through an HRBA Lens 143
• 6.2 Normative Tensions Challenging Accountability and Access to Remedy Mechanisms 146
• 6.3 Structural Determinants 149
• 6.3.1 Economic Reprimarization 149
• 6.3.2 State Fragility 150
• 6.3.3 Endemic Violence 151
• 6.3.4 Structural Inequality 152
• 6.4 Strategic Actors 153
• 6.4.1 The State 153
• 6.4.2 Economic Actors 154
• 6.4.3 Non-State Armed Groups （NSAGs） 155
• 6.4.4 Social Actors: Local Communities and Organized Civil Society 156
• 6.5 Conclusions 158
• 7. Foreign Direct Investment and Human Rights: Two Case Studies 160
• 7.1 Chiquita Brands in Urabá 161
• 7.1.1 The Company 162
• 7.1.2 Chiquita Brands and the Armed Conflict in Colombia 164
• 7.1.3 Bananas and the Socioeconomic Dynamics of Urabá 167
• 7.1.4 Chiquita Brands and the Human Rights Condition in Urabá 168
• 7.2 Continental Gold - Zijin Mining in Buriticá 175
• 7.2.1 The Company 176
• 7.2.2 Buriticá Project 177
• 7.2.3 The Mining Conflict 179
• 7.2.4 Socioeconomic Dynamics of Buriticá 183
• 7.2.5 The Company, the Gold Boom, and the Human Rights in Buriticá 184
• 7.3 FDI and Human Rights: Insights from Case Studies 192
• 7.4 Conclusions 198
• 8. Towards a Governance Framework for Sustainable FDI: Lessons and Theoretical Integration 199
• 8.1 Integrated Relational Analysis 200
• 8.1.1 Findings 201
• 8.1.2 Comparative Perspective 207
• 8.1.3 Insights for Development 208
• 8.2 Dynamic Friction Management Model （DFMM）: A Governance Framework for Investment in High-Fragility Contexts 210
• 8.2.1 Limitations of the Current Corporate Sustainability and Due Diligence Models 212
• 8.2.2 The Ontological Nature of Friction 214
• 8.2.3 Dimensions of Friction 216
• 8.2.4 Operational Structure of the DFMM 219
• 8.2.5 Operational Cycle: From Territorial Diagnosis to Burden Adjustment 222
• 8.2.6 Retrospective Application: A Stress Test of the Model 226
• 8.2.7 Legal Foundations and Regulatory Sovereignty 229
• 8.2.8 Value Added: A Shift from Reactive to Preventive Governance 232
• 8.2.9 Governance Architecture and Conditions for the Applicability of the DFMM 234
• 8.2.10 The Scope of Application of the DFMM 242
• 8.3 Conclusions 243
• 9. Final Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Research 245
• 9.1 Toward a Relational Approach to Investment Governance 245
• 9.2 Recommendations 248
• 9.3 Perspectives for Future Research 251
• Appendix A: Timetable 253
• Appendix B: Governance and socioeconomic indicators of Colombia, 1990-2022 254
• Appendix C: Events of victimizing acts by year 1990-2022 256
• Appendix D: Inventory of the most important environmental conflicts in Colombia from 1985 to 2022 259
• References 267