체계기능언어학에 기반한 중국어 명사화 은유의 한국어 번역 전략 연구 : 텍스트 유형별 분석을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This dissertation aims to analyze the realization patterns of nominalization metaphors in Chinese non-literary texts and to examine how such metaphors are re-realized when being translated into Korean. Based on the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study examines nominalization as a representative form of ideational grammatical metaphor and investigates the translation strategies through which nominalized meanings in Chinese source texts are either maintained or reconstructed in Korean target texts.
In Systemic Functional Linguistics, nominalization metaphor refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which a process, quality, state, or relation that could be congruently realized as a clause or verbal structure is metaphorically re-realized as a nominal group or a nominal-centered expression. Through this process, experience is objectified, compressed, and reorganized as a conceptual unit. Nominalization metaphor therefore plays an important role in enhancing informational density, textual cohesion, objectivity, formality, and conceptual abstraction. For this reason, nominalization metaphor is frequently observed in various non-literary texts such as scientific and technical texts, institutional discourse, political discourse, and academic writing.
However, previous studies on grammatical metaphor and nominalization have mainly focused on the internal grammatical structures of English, Korean, or Chinese, or on the role of nominalization in specific genres. Although some studies have examined grammatical metaphors in translation, relatively little attention has been paid to how nominalization metaphors in Chinese source texts are re-realized in Korean translations. In particular, there has been insufficient research on the translation strategies by which Chinese nominalization metaphors are either maintained as nominal expressions or reconstructed as more congruent verbal or clausal expressions in Korean. Furthermore, few studies have compared different non-literary text types to explain how textual functions and register-related conditions influence the choice of translation strategies.
To achieve this purpose, this study limits its analytical focus to three realization types of nominalization metaphor found in Chinese source texts: derivational suffix type, quasi-transitive verb type, and structural type. Based on this classification, the study addresses the following three research questions:

1. In user manual texts and political speech texts, what distribution patterns and function realization patterns do the three types of nominalization metaphors exhibit respectively?
2. In Korean translations, how are the three types of nominalization metaphor re-realized through correspondence translation and demetaphorization?
3. In the two text types with different register characteristics, what linguistic factors and register-related factors explain the differences in the distribution of nominalization metaphor and the selection of translation strategies?

To answer these questions, this study selects two types of non-literary texts as research data: a user manual for a new energy vehicle and political speeches. The user manual text consists of the Chinese source text of a user manual for a BYD new energy vehicle and its official Korean translation provided by BYD Korea. The political speech text comprises the Chinese source text, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China Volume I, and its Korean translation, Xi Jinping, Speaking on State Governance. The user manual text contains 115,994 Chinese characters, excluding non-analytical elements such as illustrations, covers, and tables of contents. The political speech text contains 220,028 Chinese characters, including footnotes and endnotes.
These two text types were selected because they share the common feature of being non-literary texts with official Korean translations, while also showing clear differences in dominant textual functions. The user manual is an informative and directive technical text that emphasizes procedural clarity, operational applicability, functional accuracy, and safety-related information. In contrast, the political speech text is an official and persuasive text that organizes policy ideology, value orientation, historical practice, social demands, and collective goals into abstract and cohesive conceptual units. Therefore, the comparison of these two text types makes it possible to examine whether the realization and translation of nominalization metaphor are influenced by textual functions and register-related conditions.
This dissertation is organized as follows.
Chapter 1 presents the research background, research purpose, research object, research method, and previous studies. It reviews earlier research on grammatical metaphor, nominalization metaphor, and translation studies based on Systemic Functional Linguistics. On this basis, it clarifies the research gap of the present study: previous studies have not sufficiently examined the strategies for translating Chinese nominalization metaphors into Korean in different non-literary text types.
Chapter 2 establishes the theoretical foundation of the study. First, it clarifies the concepts of grammatical metaphor and nominalization metaphor in Systemic Functional Linguistics, focusing on the distinction between congruent and metaphorical realization, the transfer between semantic and lexicogrammatical strata, as well as the role of nominalization in objectifying and condensing experiential meaning. Second, it classifies the realization patterns of Chinese nominalization metaphors into three types: derivational suffix type, quasi-transitive verb type, and structural type. Third, it defines the translation strategy framework used in this study. Translation strategies used include correspondence translation and demetaphorized shift translation. Correspondence translation is used when a nominalization metaphor in the Chinese source text is preserved in the Korean target text as a nominal group or a nominal-centered expression. Demetaphorized shift translation is adopted when a nominalized expression in the source text is reconstructed in the target text as a more congruent verbal, adjective-centered, or clausal expression. Demetaphorized shift translation is further divided into the equivalent, upward, and downward types depending on the direction and scope of semantic and lexicogrammatical re-realization.
Chapter 3 analyzes the realization patterns of nominalization metaphors in each text type and the strategies employed in their translation into Korean. First, in the user manual text, nominalization metaphors are frequently realized through quasi-transitive verb structures such as “进行+VP” and “保持+VP/AP,” as well as through derivational suffixes such as “-性” and “-力” and structural patterns such as “NP+的+VP.” These structures are mainly used to organize operational procedures, functional performance, inspection and maintenance actions, safety conditions, and technical properties into stable informational units. In Korean translations, many of these nominalization metaphors are preserved through correspondence translation, but demetaphorized shift translation is also applied when a more explicit verbal or clausal structure is required to ensure procedural clarity, operational directness, or naturalness in Korean expression.
Second, in the political speech text, nominalization metaphors are realized through derivational suffixes such as “-性” and “-主义,” quasi-transitive verb structures such as “进行,” “保持,” “有所,” “加以,” and “给予,” and structural patterns such as “NP+的+VP.” These structures function to organize policy tasks, historical practices, value judgments, ideological orientations, social demands, and international relations into abstract and cohesive conceptual units. In Korean translations, correspondence translation is especially dominantly used, because nominalization metaphors in political speech contribute to formality, conceptual density, logical cohesion, and persuasive force. Nevertheless, demetaphorized shift translation is adopted in certain contexts where a Korean expression requires greater explicitness or where the processual meaning inherent in the source text’s nominalization needs to be highlighted.
Chapter 4 compares the two text types from three aspects — the realization of nominalization metaphor, the distribution of translation strategies, and the factors influencing strategy selection. The analysis reveals that both text types actively use nominalization metaphors, but the central realization types differ. To be specific, in the user manual text, quasi-transitive verb structures particularly stand out, especially “进行+VP,” which organizes actions such as inspection, operation, setting, and processing as nominalized event units. In the political speech text, derivational suffix type and structural type are relatively prominent, especially “-性,” “-主义,” and “NP+的+VP,” which organize policy concepts, value orientations, social practices, and historical developments as abstract conceptual units.
With regard to the distribution of translation strategies, 1,167 cases of nominalization metaphors were analyzed. Among them, correspondence translation was used in 977 cases （83.7% of the total）; equivalent demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 121 cases （10.4%）; upward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 54 cases （4.6%）; and downward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 15 cases （1.3%）. This result shows that Chinese nominalization metaphors tend to be preserved in Korean translations as nominal groups or nominal-centered expressions, and that demetaphorized shift translation is also selected when Korean lexicogrammatical conditions or textual functions require a more congruent reconstruction.
Furthermore, there are notable differences in the distribution of the two text types. In the user manual text, 404 cases were analyzed. Among them, correspondence translation was used in 289 cases （71.5%）; equivalent demetaphorized shift translation was used in 59 cases （14.6%）; upward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 45 cases （11.1%）; and downward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 11 cases （2.7%）. In the political speech text, 763 cases were analyzed. Among them, correspondence translation accounted for 688 cases （90.2%）; equivalent demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 62 cases （8.1%）; upward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 9 cases （1.2%）; and downward demetaphorized shift translation accounted for 4 cases （0.5%）.
These results indicate that correspondence translation plays a dominant role in both text types, but its functional motives differ. In the user manual text, correspondence translation is used to maintain procedural information, operational items, functional conditions, and technical properties as stable informational units. In the political speech text, correspondence translation is adopted to preserve policy concepts, ideological orientations, historical practices, value judgments, and social goals as abstract and cohesive conceptual units. In other words, correspondence translation is not merely used to mechanically preserve the form; rather, it is a strategy for maintaining the meaning-organizing function of nominalization metaphor within each text type.
The analysis of demetaphorized shift translation also reveals important differences. In the user manual text, demetaphorized shift translation is relatively more prevalent. This is because the user manual requires immediate comprehension, procedural clarity, operational applicability, and natural Korean expression. For instance, some “进行+VP” structures are reconstructed as direct verbal expressions in Korean, and some “保持+AP” structures are re-realized as clausal structures that explicitly express the state to be maintained. In contrast, the use of demetaphorized shift translation is highly restricted in the political speech text. Since nominalization metaphors in political speeches function as vital resource for conceptual condensation, formality, logical cohesion, and justification, the original nominalized structures tend to be preserved rather than expanded.
Factors influencing the selection of translation strategies can be categorized into linguistic factors and register-related factors. Linguistic factors include the availability of Korean derivational suffixes, the possibility of representing events and concepts through nominal groups, and the functional organization of Korean nominal groups. These linguistic resources enable many Chinese nominalization metaphors to be retained in Korean as nominal-centered expressions. At the same time, when the modifying relationship or status meaning inherent in the Chinese nominalization cannot be naturally organized into a Korean nominal group, demetaphorized shift translation may be selected.
Register-related factors include field, relation, and mode. As regards field, the user manual comprises technical procedures, operational conditions, safety instructions, and functional information, whereas the political speech incorporates policy ideology, historical practices, social demands, and value orientations. In terms of relation, the user manual presupposes a pragmatic and directive relation between the producer or expert and the user, whereas the political speech presupposes an authoritative and persuasive relation between the political speaker and the audience. When it comes to mode, the user manual is a written technical text that values clarity, accessibility, and procedural arrangement, whereas the political speech is an official speech text that combines oral delivery with written organization and rhetorical development. These register-related differences influence whether a nominalization metaphor is retained as a nominal expression or reconstructed as a more direct verbal or clausal expression.
Chapter 5 summarizes the main findings and discusses the significance and limitations of the study. The findings show that nominalization metaphor in Chinese-Korean translation is not merely a matter of formal correspondence or conversion of word classes. More precisely, it involves how the experiential meanings compressed in the Chinese source text are re-realized through the lexicogrammatical resources and textual functions of the Korean language. The choice between correspondence translation and demetaphorized shift translation is jointly influenced by the expression structure of the source text, the meanings compressed in nominalization metaphors, the naturalness of the Korean expression, and the functional requirements of the text type.
The significance of this dissertation can be summarized as follows.
First, this study reinterprets Chinese nominalization expressions from the perspective of nominalization metaphor within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics. By classifying Chinese nominalization metaphors into derivational suffix type, quasi-transitive verb type and structural type, it provides a systematic framework for analyzing how Chinese nominalization constructs experiential meanings.
Second, this study proposes a framework of strategies for the Chinese-Korean translation of nominalization metaphors. By distinguishing between correspondence translation and demetaphorized shift translation and further subdividing demetaphorized shift translation into equivalent, upward, and downward types, it shows that nominalization metaphors are not simply preserved or lost during translation; rather, they are functionally re-realized through varying degrees and directions of semantic and lexicogrammatical reconstruction.
Third, this study demonstrates that the selection of translation strategy is closely related to text types and register-related conditions. The comparison between the user manual text and the political speech text shows that nominalization metaphors are realized and translated differently depending on the functional requirements of each text type. This finding contributes to expanding translation studies based on Systemic Functional Linguistics — from clause-level equivalence to the translation of nominalized meanings and text-specific meaning organization.
Fourth, this study offers practical insights for Chinese-Korean translation practice and education. When translating non-literary texts, translators need to consider not only the formal correspondence between source and target texts but also whether a nominalized meaning in the source text should be retained as a nominal concept or reconstructed into a more congruent verbal or clausal expression in Korean. This perspective enables translators to make more functionally appropriate decisions when translating technical texts, political discourse, and other non-literary texts.
In conclusion, nominalization metaphor in Chinese-Korean translation should be understood as a process of meaning re-realization. The translator’s task is not simply to preserve or replace the nominalized form of the source text, but to determine how the objectified and compressed meaning in the source text can be most appropriately reorganized within the lexicogrammatical system and textual function of Korean. Therefore, this dissertation provides a functional framework for analyzing and interpreting Chinese-Korean translation strategies used in nominalization metaphor, and contributes to the advancement of translation research grounded in Systemic Functional Linguistics.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론 1
• 1.1. 연구 목적 1
• 1.2. 선행 연구 4
• 1.3. 연구 방법 및 논문구성 14
• 1.3.1. 연구 방법 14
• 1.3.2. 논문구성 20
• 2. 명사화 은유 번역 전략의 이론적 전제 23
• 2.1. 문법적 은유와 명사화 은유 23
• 2.1.1. 문법적 은유의 개념 23
• 2.1.2. 문법적 은유의 유형과 관념적 문법 은유 32
• 2.1.3. 명사화 은유의 개념과 중국어 실현 유형 36
• 2.2. 명사화 은유의 번역 전략과 사용역 49
• 2.2.1. 체계기능언어학적 번역 관점 49
• 2.2.2. 명사화 은유의 번역 전략 유형 52
• 2.2.3. 사용역과 번역 전략 선택 59
• 3. 텍스트 유형별 명사화 은유 실현 양상과 한국어 번역 전략 66
• 3.1. 분석 자료와 텍스트 유형 구성 66
• 3.2. 텍스트 유형별 명사화 은유의 실현 유형과 분포 71
• 3.2.1. 사용자 설명서의 명사화 은유 실현 유형과 분포 71
• 3.2.2. 정치 연설문의 명사화 은유 실현 유형과 분포 91
• 3.3. 텍스트 유형별 명사화은유의 한국어 번역 전략 분석 112
• 3.3.1. 신에너지 자동차 사용자 설명서의 번역 전략 분석 112
• 3.3.2. 정치 연설문 텍스트의 번역 전략 분석 142
• 4. 텍스트 유형별 명사화 은유 번역 전략 비교 175
• 4.1. 중국어 원문 사용역별 명사화 은유 실현 유형 비교 175
• 4.1.1. 텍스트 유형별 명사화 은유 실현 경향 개관 175
• 4.1.2. 텍스트 유형별 파생접미사형 명사화 은유 실현 양상 비교 180
• 4.1.3. 텍스트 유형별 준술목동사+vp.형 명사화 은유 실현 양상 비교 184
• 4.1.4. 텍스트 유형별 구조형 명사화 은유 실현 양상 비교 188
• 4.2. 번역 단계에서의 대응·변이 전략 선택 경향 분석 193
• 4.2.1. 텍스트 유형별 번역 전략 전체 분포 비교 194
• 4.2.2. 텍스트 유형별 대응 번역 전략 비교 200
• 4.2.3. 탈은유화 변이 번역 전략의 텍스트 유형별 비교 205
• 4.3. 번역 전략 선택에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석 213
• 4.3.1. 언어적 요인 213
• 4.3.2. 텍스트 유형의 사용역적 요인 216
• 5. 결론 223
• 참고문헌 232
• ABSTRACT 246