한국어와 베트남어 피동 표현의 대조 연구 = Contrastive Analysis on Passive constructions in Korean and Vietnamese

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to examine the category of passive voice in Korean and Vietnamese from a linguistic typological perspective methods and syntactic-semantic characteristics. Korean, an agglutinative language and Vietnamese, an isolating language, exhibit distinct differences in morphological relations. These differences deeply influence the canonicity of passive sentences and the realization patterns of non- canonical passives. In particular, this research seeks to identify the universal and individual traits of the passive systems in both languages to help Vietnamese learners overcome morphological and semantic errors when acquiring non- canonical Korean passives, such as spontaneous and potential types. The major findings of this research are summarized as follows.
First, by redefining the concept of voice through a typological lens, this study confirms that the passive is not a category strictly isolated from the active, but exists on a voice continuum where it overlaps with semantic domains such as reflexive, spontaneous and potential.
Second, an analysis of individual systems reveals that Korean utilizes a dual system consisting of synthetic passives formed by suffixes and analytic passives using‘-어지다’construction. It is also strictly governed by lexical constraints and the animacy hierarchy. In contrast, Vietnamese employs an analytic system using markers like ‘bị/được’ without morphological verb changes. Vietnamese passives show higher productivity and possess prominent sentimental modality characteristics, directly encoding the speaker's subjective evaluation.
Third, the contrastive analysis shows that both languages share the pragmatic functions of agent defocusing and patient subject promotion. Furthermore, both languages exhibit range expansion by allowing not only direct objects but also indirect objects to be promoted to the subject position.
Fourth, a significant contrast was found in the descriptive attitude and the realization of non- canonical passives. While Korean is relatively neutral in describing events, Vietnamese passives essentially involve the speaker's subjective judgment. Regarding spontaneous and potential expression, Korean uses the same passive markers polysemously. However, Vietnamese differentiates these structures syntactically by using active or intransitive structure for spontaneous events and the auxiliary verb structure ‘V+ được’ for potentiality. Unlike Korean, Vietnamese is free form animacy constraints, leading to the frequent subjectification of inanimate patients.
In conclusion, this study proves that while Korean and Vietnamese passive expressions share the same semantic domains, the adopt different grammatical strategies- morphological polysemy in Korean and syntactic structural differentiation in Vietnamese- based on their typological characteristics. These findings provide foundational data to help Vietnamese learners understand the complex Korean passives system and reduce errors related to animacy constraints and usage in neutral contexts.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론 1
• 1.1. 연구의 목적 및 필요성 1
• 1.2. 선행 연구 검토 2
• 1.3. 연구의 방법 10
• 2. 이론적 배경 12
• 2.1. '태'의 개념 및 분류 12
• 2.2. 피동태의 전형적 특성 15
• 2.3. 피동태의 비전형적 특성 28
• 3. 한국어의 피동 표현 35
• 3.1. 전형적 피동문 35
• 3.2. 비전형적 피동문 50
• 4. 베트남어의 피동 표현 55
• 4.1. 전형적 피동문 55
• 4.2. 비전형적 피동문 68
• 5. 한국어와 베트남어 피동 표현의 대조 74
• 5.1. 공통점 75
• 5.2. 차이점 79
• 6. 결론 84
• 참고문헌 86
• ABSTRACT 92