This study aimed to examine how young children explored and utilized recyclable materials as a medium in the context of play and to gain an in-depth understanding of the meaning of the play experiences that emerged through these interactions.
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This study aimed to examine how young children explored and utilized recyclable materials as a medium in the context of play and to gain an in-depth understanding of the meaning of the play experiences that emerged through these interactions.
To achieve this purpose, participant observations were conducted over a period of approximately 14 weeks, from November 10, 2025, to February 13, 2026, primarily during free-play sessions in which children's autonomous choices and spontaneous play were most actively expressed. The participants were 19 four-year-old children (11 boys and 8 girls) from a public childcare center located in Gangseo-gu, Seoul, and the researcher served as both their classroom teacher and researcher. Data were collected through participant observation, photographs and video recordings documenting the play context, informal interviews, and the researcher's reflective journal. The collected data were analyzed based on Giorgi's (2009) descriptive phenomenological method while incorporating Barad's (2007) new materialist perspective to understand the play experiences generated through the entanglement of children and recyclable materials. In addition, Emic Coding (Kim, 2016), which preserves children's own words, expressions, and recurring behaviors, was integrated into Giorgi's meaning-unit analysis to capture the children's lived experiences as faithfully as possible.
The findings revealed that the meaning of young children's play experiences with recyclable materials could be categorized into three themes: children opening the door to play through encounters with materials, children expanding their worlds of play, and children becoming “we.”
First, under the theme of children opening the door to play through encounters with materials, recyclable materials were found to be perceived not merely as discarded objects but as “keys” that evoked children's everyday experiences and memories of previous play. Encounters with recyclable materials awakened play narratives that had lain dormant within the children. Furthermore, rather than simply reproducing past play experiences, the children reconstructed them by integrating them with their present play contexts, thereby creating new and more sophisticated worlds of play.
Second, under the theme of children expanding their worlds of play, the children actively transformed recyclable materials, breathing new life into them, and incorporated the possibilities afforded by the surrounding physical environment into their play, thereby expanding the stage of their play. In particular, rather than abandoning play when faced with challenges, the children demonstrated their competence by independently negotiating and resolving problems that arose during play.
Third, under the theme of children becoming “we,” the findings revealed that play with recyclable materials enabled children to move beyond individual enjoyment and gradually form a community of play with others. Through deep engagement with the materials, the children became immersed in play and experienced a sense of personal fulfillment. This intrinsic enjoyment naturally extended into inviting others to join their play, as the children willingly welcomed peers and teachers into the play they were creating. As they shared roles, empathized with one another, and flexibly transformed the materials, children, materials, and others became dynamically entangled, ultimately growing together into a genuine “we.”
This study is significant in that it focused on the process through which young children created their own worlds of play by engaging with open-ended recyclable materials rather than predetermined play materials. The findings are expected to encourage early childhood educators to view recyclable materials from a new perspective, recognize them as valuable mediators of children's play, and provide a practical foundation for supporting richer and more meaningful play experiences.