This study adopts Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory as its central analytical framework and combines perspectives from feminist film theory and intercultural communication to examine the 2023 Hollywood film Barbie as a case study. It aims to ex...
This study adopts Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory as its central analytical framework and combines perspectives from feminist film theory and intercultural communication to examine the 2023 Hollywood film Barbie as a case study. It aims to explore how Hollywood feminist films construct meaning in the process of
intercultural communication and how Chinese audiences, based on their own social positions, interpret and reproduce such meanings. In response to the limitation of previous studies that tended to separate “textual analysis” from “audience research,” this study seeks to integrate these two dimensions by examining both “encoding” and “decoding,” thereby offering a more comprehensive analysis of the communicative mechanisms and flows of meaning in feminist cinema.
To achieve this integration, the study uses the core meaning codes identified through the encoding analysis as the direct analytical reference for the decoding analysis, treating the two analyses as a single, continuous process of meaning formation built upon the same set of meaning codes.
Methodologically, this study combines textual analysis with in-depth interviews. First, it analyzes how Barbie encodes feminist meanings in terms of production context, narrative structure, character construction, and visual signs. Second, through in-depth interviews with Chinese audiences, it investigates how viewers with
different genders, educational backgrounds, and levels of exposure to feminism interpret the film in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways.
The findings show that, at the level of textual encoding, Barbie reveals through the mirror structure of “Barbie Land” and the “real world,” stereotyped gender-role configurations, and shifting power relations that gender identity and gender order are not naturally given, but are continuously constructed under socio-cultural and ideological forces. On the one hand, the film demonstrates how gender norms are produced, maintained, and reproduced through the presentation and subversion of the image of the “perfect woman” and patriarchal power structures. On the other hand, it also exposes the way capital transforms the discourse of women’s empowerment into consumable cultural resources, thereby endowing the film’s feminist representation with both critical and commercial dimensions.
At the level of audience interpretation, the findings indicate that Chinese audiences’ reproduction of meaning is better understood not as a fixed division of positions, but primarily through three interpretive mechanisms: experience-oriented, text-oriented, and structure-oriented approaches. Different audiences, drawing upon their own lived experiences and interpretive resources, engage with the film through varying degrees of acceptance, negotiation, and reproduction. These differences are manifested not so much as the result of a single social variable, but rather as differences in interpretive pathways and modes of resource mobilization.
At the level of intercultural communication, the study finds that the feminist meanings of Barbie, after entering the Chinese context, were partially accepted, while also being reinterpreted and reproduced by audiences in conjunction with their local social experiences. This demonstrates that the intercultural circulation of Hollywood feminist films is not a one-way transmission, but a dynamic process continuously negotiated and reproduced through cultural differences and audience participation.
Therefore, this study demonstrates that the meanings of Hollywood feminist films are not fixed; rather, they are constantly reproduced through the interaction among textual encoding, cultural differences, and audiences’ social experiences in the process of intercultural communication. Furthermore, this study shows that Hall’s encoding/decoding theory can be productively applied to feminist film studies, and that it may also serve as a useful reference for understanding the circulation and localized interpretation of feminist screen texts in the Chinese context.