The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between emotional responses to preferred and non-preferred color stimuli and Six Realms emotional states from a psychological perspective. This study also aimed to provide empirical groundwork ...
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between emotional responses to preferred and non-preferred color stimuli and Six Realms emotional states from a psychological perspective. This study also aimed to provide empirical groundwork for the integrative application of color psychology and Buddhist psychology as supplementary cues for exploring clients’ current emotional states in psychological counseling.
For this purpose, the study examined differences in emotional responses according to color preference, the relationship between these responses and Six Realms emotional states, the relationship between color characteristics and Six Realms emotional states, and the classification and characteristics of emotional types based on Six Realms emotional states.
An online survey was conducted with 215 Korean adults. After excluding eight respondents who reported difficulties in color perception, data from 207 participants were used for the final analysis. The color stimulus tool presented 13 RGB-based color stimuli, including warm, cool, intermediate, and achromatic colors. Preference and non-preference responses to each color and Six Realms emotional responses were measured using the Six Realms Saṃsāra Scale (SRSS) developed by Bang Seon-gwi and Song Young-sook. The Korean version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (K-SWLS) was also used to examine life satisfaction according to Six Realms emotional states.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired-samples t-tests, correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and K-means cluster analysis. Bonferroni and Scheffé post-hoc tests were conducted when significant group differences were found.
The main findings are as follows. First, regarding the relationship between emotional responses according to color preference and Six Realms emotional states, the Hungry Ghost Realm emotional response to preferred colors showed the most notable positive correlation with the SRSS Hungry Ghost Realm. This suggests that responses to preferred colors may be associated with Hungry Ghost Realm emotional states related to deficiency, craving, emptiness, and dissatisfaction. In the non-preferred color condition, the Human Realm emotional response showed a significant positive correlation with the SRSS Human Realm, indicating that non-preferred color stimuli may be linked to Human Realm emotional states related to worry, anxiety, self-reflection, and identity exploration. Meanwhile, Human Realm emotion showed relatively high levels under both preferred and non-preferred color conditions, providing empirical clues for interpreting the self-reflective and restorative potential of Human Realm emotion emphasized in the Recovering the Human Spirit (RHS) model.
Second, regarding color characteristics, yellow-green was the most preferred color, whereas black was the most non-preferred color. In the color acceptance index, preference was predominant for some nature-associated colors such as yellow-green and green, whereas non-preference was predominant for achromatic colors such as black and gray, as well as brown. Some colors also showed significant correlations with SRSS sub-factors. In the color-temperature analysis, the intermediate-color preference group showed a higher level of SRSS Human Realm emotion than the achromatic-color preference group. The achromatic-color non-preference group showed a higher level of SRSS Heavenly Realm emotion than the warm-color non-preference group. These findings suggest that color responses may vary depending on individual experiences and cultural factors.
Third, K-means cluster analysis classified participants into three emotional types: the emotionally sensitive type (n = 87), the vitality-filled type (n = 72), and the calm-stable type (n = 48). These emotional types showed significant differences in life satisfaction. Cluster 2, the vitality-filled type, which showed high levels of SRSS Heavenly Realm and SRSS Human Realm emotions, reported the highest life satisfaction. In contrast, Cluster 1, the emotionally sensitive type, which showed high levels of SRSS Hungry Ghost Realm, SRSS Asura Realm, and SRSS Hell Realm emotions, reported the lowest life satisfaction. This suggests that Six Realms emotional states may serve not merely as religious symbols but also as an exploratory framework for understanding psychological adaptation and subjective well-being.
Taken together, the major finding of this study is that preferred and non-preferred colors cannot be understood simply through a positive-negative dichotomy. Preferred colors do not only reflect pleasure or stability; they may also be connected to Hungry Ghost Realm emotional states related to deficiency, craving, and dissatisfaction. Conversely, non-preferred colors do not merely indicate rejection or discomfort; they may also be associated with Human Realm emotional states characterized by self-reflection and identity exploration. These findings suggest that, when using color responses in counseling, it is important to explore the subjective meanings and emotional responses surrounding a particular color rather than focusing only on whether the color is liked or disliked.
This study is academically significant in that it empirically explored the relationship between color preference and non-preference responses and Six Realms emotional states, thereby examining the interconnection between color psychology and Buddhist psychology. Furthermore, the findings suggest the possibility of using color stimuli as a nonverbal supplementary tool for exploring clients’ emotional states in counseling settings. By confirming differences in life satisfaction according to Six Realms emotional types, this study highlights the need for approaches that consider individual emotional structures in color psychological counseling and meditation-based psychological counseling.