This study aims to explore the policy implications of the ash scattering system and the measures needed to activate it amid the ongoing transformation of funeral culture in Korea. Ash scattering, a form of disposition in which cremated remains are ret...
This study aims to explore the policy implications of the ash scattering system and the measures needed to activate it amid the ongoing transformation of funeral culture in Korea. Ash scattering, a form of disposition in which cremated remains are returned to nature, represents a sustainable funeral practice that can realize the public values of efficient land use and environmental protection. Nevertheless, its utilization remains highly limited owing to the complexity of the legal and administrative framework, the ambiguity of subordinate regulations, and insufficient public awareness.
The research draws on literature and statistical analysis and comparative policy review, supplemented by field surveys in Singapore and Hong Kong conducted by the researcher in May 2025 as the head of a delegation of the Korea Funeral Culture Promotion Institute. Presentation materials and on-site data obtained directly from the National Environment Agency (NEA) of Singapore, the Board of Management of the Chinese Permanent Cemeteries (BMCPC), and the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) of Hong Kong were used as primary sources. In addition, grief theories, including Worden's tasks of mourning and Stroebe and Schut's dual process model, were employed as an analytical framework to examine the conceptual definition of the ash scattering system, domestic and international policy structures, sociocultural acceptability, and the shortcomings of the current legal framework.
The analysis yields four findings. First, although the 2024 amendment to the Act on Funeral Services established a legal basis for ash scattering, the ambiguity of subordinate regulations has produced divergent administrative interpretations and regional imbalances in implementation. Second, the fragmentation and complexity of administrative procedures, together with the lack of post-management arrangements, suppress public utilization of the system. Third, Confucian funeral traditions and emotional resistance continue to constrain social acceptance of ash scattering. Fourth, because ash scattering leaves no physical memorial space, an institutional vacuum remains in supporting the grieving process of bereaved families.
The study then compares the ash scattering systems of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan in Asia, and the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, France, and the United States in Europe and the Americas, according to five criteria: legal framework, scattering sites and methods, administrative management, memorial and grief support, and social acceptance. Singapore and Hong Kong, in particular, have enhanced institutional credibility and public acceptance through clear legal provisions, a unified administrative system, digital memorial services, and long-term public communication strategies.
Building on this diagnosis and comparative analysis, the study proposes a phased implementation strategy consisting of short-term tasks (refining subordinate regulations and improving public awareness) and mid- to long-term tasks (unifying administrative channels and culturally embedding the system), together with four concrete policy instruments: (1) expanding permitted scattering zones and unifying administrative procedures, (2) combining dignified scattering spaces with mourning functions, (3) introducing a digital memorial platform and an advance registration system, and (4) establishing a scientific environmental impact assessment and an ash scattering registry.
In conclusion, activating the ash scattering system is not merely a change in funeral methods but a public policy task situated at the intersection of individual posthumous self-determination, environmental responsibility, and a healthy culture of mourning. The results of this study are expected to serve as foundational material for future funeral policy formulation and for the diffusion of a sustainable, ecological funeral culture.