The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the pedagogical structure and epistemological mechanisms of the Buddha's dialogue method as manifested in the Nikāya, the five collections of early Buddhist discourses. Rather than offering macro-prescript...
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the pedagogical structure and epistemological mechanisms of the Buddha's dialogue method as manifested in the Nikāya, the five collections of early Buddhist discourses. Rather than offering macro-prescriptions for educational reality, the Buddha’s dialogue method functions as a micro-conversational technique and a highly sophisticated system of educational practice that elicits active reflection and existential transformation in learners. The intrinsic value of the Buddha's dialogue method extends beyond simple knowledge transfer; it lies in establishing the learner's dynamic epistemological shift and a mutually relational ethic arising during the dialogue, thereby presenting an integrated educational model that fosters existential human growth.
The Buddha’s dialogue method utilized in the original Nikāya texts—the core text of this study—represents the essence of the educational approach developed by the Buddha over forty-five years. It takes the form of a narrative structure aimed at realizing fundamental change and growth tailored to the capacity of individual learners. The dialogue mechanisms in the Pāli canon are based on the horizontal operation of Pariyāya (expedient means tailored to audiences) and the vertical gradual instruction of Anupubbīkathā (graduated discourse) as their concrete methodological foundations. Upon this framework, it encompasses sophisticated teaching-learning practices, organically employing techniques such as metaphors, dialogues, silence, and spiritual cultivation to guide learners toward personal realization of the truth.
Therefore, this study establishes two giants of Western pedagogy as analytical criteria to secure the methodological validity and deepen the practical implications of the Buddha’s dialogue method. The epistemological foundations of both scholars share an essential common denominator: an emphasis on learner-centeredness, learner agency, reflective contemplation, and insight, through which the reconstruction of meaning is thoroughly connected to direct life experiences.
Based on the conceptual commonalities of the two theories, this study analyzes the cognitive shifts that Pariyāya induces within learners, mediating Jerome S. Bruner’s (1915~2016) theory of meaning making and narrative epistemology. Bruner’s modes of representation and the principle of scaffolding signify a sophisticated process of educational guidance tailored to the learner's cognitive level. In addition, his narrative epistemology, which asserts that understanding the world and organizing experiences through stories serve as core tools for meaning making, is treated as a major analytical criterion. This theoretical foundation of Bruner elaborates the mechanism of the Buddha's dialogue method, which anchors the abstract world of dhamma into the learner's cognitive structure by utilizing metaphors and narrative devices.
Furthermore, this study examines the practical dynamics inherent in Anupubbīkathā through John Dewey’s (1859~1952) theory of reconstruction of experience and inquiry. Dewey’s experiential perspective views education as a process where learners actively construct knowledge and explore the meaning of life through the interaction and continuity of experience within problematic situations. This perspective clearly demonstrates a cyclical and longitudinal process in which experience is reconstructed through reflective contemplation, leading to further experimentation and growth. Dewey’s dynamic experientialism serves as an essential lens for elucidating the vertical gradual instruction and practical principles of Anupubbīkathā, wherein the Buddha helps learners resolve suffering on their own by reflecting on their lives rather than injecting fixed doctrines. The interdisciplinary integration of narrative epistemology and dynamic experientialism exhibits a unique core strength as a complementary logical framework for analyzing the entire process of the Buddha’s dialogue method.
While illuminating the methodological excellence of the Buddha’s dialogue method through the universal values of modern pedagogy—narrative perception and the reconstruction of experience—this study notes that the category of the “individual self” as the subject of perception and experience, along with the limitations of substantialist growth, still operates beneath Western pedagogical perspectives. Consequently, while adopting the theories of Bruner and Dewey
as valid analytical criteria, this thesis elevates the logic of Western pedagogy to a higher dimension through the Pariyāya and Anupubbīkathā of the Buddha’s dialogue method.
The causal worldview that perceives the interdependence of all existence breaks the rigid framework of the self and fundamentally expands the horizon of perception. The process of complementing and integrating the reflective wisdom of Western pedagogy with the Buddhist insight of non-self (anattā) and causality is an interdisciplinary attempt to deepen the meaning of “growth” pursued by modern education into the horizon of ontological transformation.
The Buddha builds upon Pariyāya, which accurately identifies the learner's capacity and the root cause of suffering, while inducing a step-by-step reconstruction of experience through Anupubbīkathā to lead learners to enlightenment by themselves. In particular, techniques such as metaphors, dialogues, silence, and spiritual cultivation shift away from outcome-oriented knowledge acquisition. Instead, they promote overcoming self-centeredness—the root cause of suffering—and internalizing a mutually interdependent relational ethic through process-oriented reflection.
Therefore, noting the value of the Buddha's dialogue method as an emergent alternative, this thesis proposes concrete educational practical strategies to overcome the limitations of Bruner’s and Dewey’s theories. First, Buddhist education redefines the learner as an active agent who reinterprets meaning within relational situations based on interdependence. This interdependent perspective cultivates a flexible identity in learners and provides a powerful rationale for practicing Pariyāya appropriate to individual conditions.
Second, Buddhist education aims at the cessation of suffering (dukkha), which is the solution to the cause of distress, and emphasizes the continuous process itself of reflecting on and improving current experiences through Anupubbīkathā. This process-oriented educational attitude fundamentally alleviates the problems of outcome obsession and infinite competition in modern education.
Third, the epistemological techniques manifested in the Buddha’s dialogue method serve as practical tools leading to ontological awareness. Techniques involving metaphors, dialogues, and silence cultivate the capacity for empathy based on a mutually interdependent relational ethic, moving away from egocentrism.
In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that the Buddha's dialogue method goes beyond superficial knowledge transmission to offer a new educational direction that nurtures holistic growth and relational empathetic ethics. Its scholarly significance lies in contributing to the establishment of an integrated educational philosophy rooted in Eastern wisdom.