In this study, ultrasound image quality enhancement was investigated using polarization-inverted piezoelectric-layer ultrasound transducers.
In the first part of this study, a dual-concentric polarization-inversion intravascular ultrasound (DC-PI-IV...
In this study, ultrasound image quality enhancement was investigated using polarization-inverted piezoelectric-layer ultrasound transducers.
In the first part of this study, a dual-concentric polarization-inversion intravascular ultrasound (DC-PI-IVUS) transducer was utilized to resolve the limited depth of field (DOF) issue in IVUS imaging. Generally, IVUS employs high frequency bands of 10-40 MHz or higher to secure high spatial resolution. However, increased acoustic attenuation within tissues causes a rapid decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the far field region. Furthermore, the limited DOF makes it challenging to uniformly image the entire vessel wall in both cross-sectional and pullback images.
To address this, the study proposed an out-of-phase driving method to extend the DOF. This method applies signals with opposite phases to the center and outer elements of a dual concentric structure. This structural design and driving scheme alter the axial acoustic field distribution, dispersing the energy previously concentrated at a single focus and consequently expanding the DOF through an effect similar to multi-focusing. Additionally, by integrating the polarization inversion structure, the study aimed to simultaneously acquire fundamental frequency (f0) images with deeper penetration depth and second harmonic frequency (2f0) images with enhanced resolution. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulations confirmed that the proposed transducer exhibits multi-frequency characteristics, generating both fundamental and second harmonic frequencies concurrently, and demonstrated an increased DOF in the out-of-phase mode. Measurements from the fabricated prototype experimentally validated the proposed technique, showing DOF increases of approximately 80% and 67% at the 13 MHz and 26 MHz, respectively.
B-mode imaging experiments conducted on a vessel-mimicking agar phantom and ex vivo bovine aorta confirmed that the out-of-phase mode improves signal maintenance in the far field region beyond the focal zone compared to the in-phase mode, thereby providing more uniform image quality. Quantitative evaluation of single-frequency images revealed improvements in both speckle SNR (SSNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Notably, SSNR increased by approximately 55% in the phantom cross-sectional 13 MHz image and by 56% in the ex vivo cross-sectional 13 MHz image. Furthermore, this study applied frequency compounding, which combines the fundamental and second harmonic images, along with phase compounding, which combines the in-phase and out-of-phase images. The application of frequency and phase compounding suppressed speckle and mitigated the trade-offs between frequency and phase modes. Moreover, by implementing 3D pullback imaging to verify the performance of the proposed technique along the longitudinal axis of the vessel, it was intuitively confirmed that the structural continuity was improved due to the increased information in the far-field region and vessel cross-section. Finally, difference images were acquired to more intuitively visualize the improved regions in the B-mode images. These results suggest that the proposed transducer structure and driving technique can provide stable and uniform image quality not only in single cross-sectional images but also in continuous 3D images covering the entire vascular segment.
In the second part of this study, a novel approach combining a polarization-inversion piezocomposite transducer (PIPT) and a multi-frequency coded excitation technique was proposed to enhance the performance of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging, which is an ultrasound-based elastography technique for evaluating the biomechanical properties of ocular tissues. While conventional ophthalmic imaging techniques are effective in providing morphological information, they have limitations in quantitatively evaluating the mechanical properties of tissues. Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is a representative method for measuring mechanical properties, but it struggles to comprehensively analyze the whole-eye region. ARFI imaging is another non-invasive method that measures micro displacements induced by acoustic radiation force in tissues, and it can overcome these limitations. However, it is constrained by high driving voltage requirements and limited SNR. Furthermore, a trade-off exists between resolution and penetration depth depending on the frequency of the tracking beam, which determines displacement accuracy in the ARFI beam sequence.
Therefore, this study proposed a method combining a coded excitation technique with a PIPT, which integrates a bulk piezoelectric layer and a piezocomposite layer. Since the PIPT structure also simultaneously generates a fundamental frequency (f0) and a second harmonic frequency (2f0), the advantages of both low frequency and high frequency ARFI imaging can be combined by utilizing both low frequency and high frequency tracking beams. Based on this, an ARFI beam sequence combining a low frequency pushing beam and a multi-frequency tracking beam was designed, and a chirp-based coded excitation technique was incorporated to improve displacement measurement at low voltages. By applying coded signals such as chirp signals and performing pulse compression on the received signals, this technique can improve SNR while preserving resolution.
B-mode and ARFI images acquired from ex vivo porcine eye experiments confirmed that chirp imaging reduced background noise and improved displacement detection capabilities compared to conventional pulse-based imaging. Specifically, through frequency compounding, the study verified the feasibility of whole-eye imaging encompassing both the anterior and posterior segments by simultaneously leveraging the high penetration of f0 and the high resolution of 2f0. Quantitative evaluation of the ARFI images demonstrated that the mean displacement SNR (MD_SNR) in the far-field region improved by up to 12.2 dB. Furthermore, displacement probability distribution analysis confirmed that coded excitation contributes to enhancing the reliability and spatial continuity of displacement detection rather than increasing the absolute magnitude of the displacement.
In conclusion, based on ultrasound transducers utilizing a polarization inversion structure, the first part of this study improved the DOF of multi-frequency IVUS images through structural and driving innovations at the sensor level. The second part acquired multi-frequency ARFI images with improved displacement detection under low-voltage conditions by integrating advanced signal processing techniques.