The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of the iconographic expression of Daegok-ri's petroglyphs located in Bangucheon Stream in the southeastern Ulsan region of Korea, the overall formality encompassing the surrounding environmen...
The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of the iconographic expression of Daegok-ri's petroglyphs located in Bangucheon Stream in the southeastern Ulsan region of Korea, the overall formality encompassing the surrounding environment, and the religious symbolism reflected in each icon.
In Chapter I (Chapter 1), I mainly looked at the academic progress of researchers related to petroglyphs and looked back on important academic topics and discourse by period. In addition, I introduced the methodology related to the research direction of this paper to be developed.
In Chapter II (Chapter 2), which began to discuss full-scale research content, I presented a major classification of rock art cases and an analysis plan for Daegok-ri rock art to achieve the research objectives presented. Specifically, it attempted to classify rock art according to the existence of rock art, and the rock art of Daegok-ri, Ulsan, which I am mainly considering, corresponds to a vertical wall-mounted type. In addition, a classification plan according to the existence pattern of Daegok-ri rock art was presented, and the important points among them are the division of the Daegok-ri rock paintings, the identification of the occupation status of the Daegok-ri rock paintings on the rock wall surface, and the secret allegory (eun-yu) reflected in the Daegok-ri rock paintings.
Prior to the full-scale consideration of the Daegok-ri Rock Carvings, I reviewed some examples of rock art in Central Eurasia and grasped their significance as comparative data with the Daegok-ri Rock Carvings. In the case of our Daegok-ri, not only land-related but also ocean-related images are mixed together and given, and in this regard, the case of rock carvings that are almost similar to that is recognized for their speciality, which is not found except in the case of the Besov Slediki Rock Carvings in the Zalaburka region. In the end, it was revealed that our Daegok-ri Rock Carvings are a cultural heritage with a unique 'two-sidedness across the sea and land' in the content of the painting. Also, looking at the arrangement of the painting, you can see that it is relatively evenly arranged over all parts of the rock face. It can be said that the occupancy status of these rock faces is also similar to the dense arrangement of the rock group seen in the case of the Besovobi Slediki Rock Carvings in the Zalaburka region.
In addition, the vague fear of the vertically downward rough beast seen on the Altai Kalbaktash altar rock sculpture is compared to the large whale (No. 18), which reveals the rough momentum in the vertical downward direction in our Daegok rock sculpture. In addition, as in the case of the person who feels the centripetal force seen in the Kalbaktash altar rock sculpture, our Daegok rock sculpture compared to the figure of a person who bent his knees and held his hands around his mouth.
On the one hand, the author clearly reflected something about the rock art makers and raised the meaning that the artistic allegory (silence) expressed is a hidden icon through the iconography mentioned.
In Chapter III (Chapter 3), I tried to analyze the rock sculpture of Daegok-ri. First of all, land and marine relations of the iconography were dealt with, respectively, and then the individual shape characteristics of land and marine animal maps and the relationship between adjacent iconography were examined by comparing the arrangement and composition. After dividing each iconography into a land animal map, a marine animal map, a figure map, and a dragon image, etc., the shape characteristics revealed by each icon were reviewed, generally using lines, planes, and light and shade as review factors.
In particular, I paid attention to the fishing route from a very special perspective in the dragon map. The reason for the attention was actually for social and economic history reasons. I assume that the land and marine animals engraved in many of Daegok-ri petroglyphs were very important food resources at the time of prehistoric times, so the living community that occupied Daegok-ri must have secured the desired food by revealing an intense collective spirit in very active food security work.
However, the fact that the Daegok-ri petroglyphs do not show any surprising fighting or confrontation, but the fact that the structure in which people live is not engraved provides a clue to the identity of this Daegok-ri living community. I believe that the Daegok-ri living community was a very mobile force based on the fact that the rock art is not engraved with buildings. Therefore, the first question is where they came from.
Meanwhile, I divided the four fishing boats (boats) found in Daegok-ri petroglyphs into four types again, which would have been used for small ferry boats to and from Bangucheon Stream, but the large fishing line, which could have about 20 people on board, would have been a powerful means of launching the Daegok-ri living community to access not only the coastal waters but also the ocean waterway in the distance.
On the other hand, I suggested that the iconography of Daegok-ri petroglyphs reveals a continuous convergence of rich formative sanctions. Based on the rock face of Bangucheon Daegok-ri, where a vertical cliff of 70m in average height is surrounded like a folding screen, the land-related iconography and the ocean-related iconography partially form their own iconographic connection, and the entire rock face is in harmony with an intense and dynamic momentum, forming the basic foundation of the rock sculpture in Daegok-ri. Specifically, in the case of figure paintings, it maintains a restrained iconographic formative beauty, aiming for the public happiness of the community, rather than sanctions related to conflict or confrontation, and the iconography that share a connection are grouped into small groups, and the theme and meaning of rock art are richly organized and arranged. In individual paintings, the techniques of pecking and pulling as well as the mane are individually made with a high technical handiwork (手工度), revealing a variety of technical application patterns.
In addition, it was confirmed that the Daegok-ri petroglyph and its surrounding area reflect the characteristics of a space of faith in which shamanism and symbols are harmonized with art. It was judged that the rock wall itself had the meaning of a religious windshield, and the rock wall area itself enabled the spatialization of faith because the magic and symbols were harmoniously treated as artistic rock walls.
Following this, in Chapter IV (Chapter 4), the expressive characteristics and formability of the iconography were considered. As a result, the author revealed that the two rock sculptures in Bangucheon generally have various iconography methods, such as file chisels (line chisels) and both chisels (face chisels), on the natural rock wall, and that each rock art is expressed in connection with a certain context in some cases.
In addition, it can be seen that different individual maps have different directions depending on whether or not there is a certain connection, and it is undeniable that they have both congestion and complexity according to the petroglyph pattern that sometimes the outline of the map is attached or infringed on each other.
However, it is noteworthy that a restrained human community is projected that reveals personal and personal needs, or that the subject or subject of vulgar or harsh conflict is not visible. It was also noted that the marine-related map centered on whales and the land-related map centered on deer are expressed with a strong and energetic vitality and dynamism.
On the other hand, I compared the Yangik-type harpoon discovered in the Seopo Port area of northeast Korea with the multi-stage Yangik-type harpoon excavated in Yeongwol, Gangwon-do, and compiled a classification table to highlight the technical culture and practical orientation of the Daegok-ri living community, which formed the Daegok-ri petroglyph.
In addition, I have the opinion that the rock sculptures in Daegok-ri have different parts and the arranged icons are positioned with their respective connections. In addition, rockmakers who performed rock carving at different times basically feel the general criticism that the momentum of the iconography group was developed according to the atmosphere revealed by the iconography group. In addition, it was judged that in some cases, they naturally used overlapping expression techniques that did not hesitate to infringe on each other or damage the contours of the surrounding iconography.
In addition, the glare and complexity felt in Bangucheon Daegok-ri rock sculptures are diagnosed as "even if the rock maker did not intend to be flashy and complex in the first place, it is believed that only the glare and complexity of the missing connection cannot escape the results captured by the viewer's perspective."
Therefore, for a rational understanding of the entire brilliant rock art, the author suggested that attention should be paid to the connection of the iconography. And above all, we looked at the direction that the iconography reveals. Therefore, a method of classifying iconography with a gaze in the same direction again by species was considered. And it was suggested that the connective connections of certain iconography began to be faintly distinguished.
On the other hand, in a rational review of the production stage of Daegok-ri rock sculpture, which has not yet reached consensus with various opinions, I suggested that the technique, style, and perspective based on a precise chronological view of the rock sculpture's first discoverer (Professor of Civilization University) are reasonable. In addition, it was necessary to propose a hypothesis to estimate the order of formation of the iconography considering the progress of life culture. It can already be presented in comparison with the general contents of primitive whaling. For example, since the size of whales targeting whales was relatively small in the early days, it is understood that the relatively small size of whale groups expressed in Daegok-ri rock art was created as early as possible. Of course, it will be an essential procedure to make such an estimate and compare technically by comparing whether or not the pecking technique is applied. In addition, it was suggested that the iconography corresponding to the order from the middle to the late period may be a relatively easy method of reasoning to understand as a iconography related to whaling for medium-sized and large whales as technology progresses.
Again, I mentioned the characteristics of the expression of Daegokri Rock Wall Map and the perspective of understanding the overall formability, which suggested that 「Finding the network based on the shape of the ➊ individual diagram ➡ Comparing the network of the found diagram ➡ ➌ Reviewing the predominance of the network of the compared diagram ➡ Reviewing the layout pattern with the ➍ whole icon group ➡ Reviewing whether it is in harmony with the surrounding environment and its functionality ➡ Reviewing the ➏ total formability regulations」 is considered necessary.
It should be noted that rather than a huge mix of deer and whale groups placed on a huge rock wall, it only makes the viewer dizzy. Subsequently, I again raised that the two great iconographic forces are not directly colliding with each other, but the direction of the momentum is out of alignment. Here, I understood that the two iconographic forces were exquisitely out of direct conflict as a 'harmonized composition', and presented the view I wanted to understand as a logic reflecting the worldview of Haseo Kim In-hoo, a Neo-Confucianist in the middle of the condition.
Subsequently, the author discussed the fact that no relics or remains related to the catastrophic events of conflict, confrontation, and conflict were found around Daegok-ri during the prehistoric period through the results of an archaeological historical survey confirmed around the huge rock face area where Daegok-ri rock sculptures consist of Daegok-ri. As a result, the Daegok-ri rock wall sculpture is in appropriate spatial harmony with local relics, so the value of the Daegok-ri rock sculpture's spatial harmony-oriented public formality that guarantees win-win orientation is felt on a flat basis.
In Chapter V (Chapter 5), I again considered the symbolism reflected in the Daegok-ri petroglyph. In addition, it was mentioned that Daegok-ri petroglyph has the meaning of being an important point of negotiation of rock art and culture compared to the rock culture of Central Eurasia. In addition, it was suggested that the iconography of Daegok-ri petroglyphs has originality while showing similarities to other Eurasian petroglyphs.
On the other hand, this author mentioned that Daegok-ri petroglyphs selectively accept the petroglyph art culture of central Eurasia in the north compared to the petroglyph art culture of Central Eurasia and are the result of the negotiations. In addition, it was suggested that the iconography style of Daegok-ri petroglyphs is similar to other Eurasian petroglyphs, but that each iconography group implements a harmonious composition according to the harmonious arrangement.
The author also said that considering the local culture where large and small relics and remains were identified in the adjacent area, centering on the huge rock face of Daegok-ri, where rock art is realized, Daegok-ri's rock sculpture reflects the positive and win-win will of naturalistic abundance and hope with understated psychology and is understood as a result of a collection of lively art elements arranged with various paintings.