베트남-한국 무역의 비관세 장벽 해결방안 연구 = A Study on Non-Tariff Barriers and Solutions to Vietnam-Korea Trade

국문 초록 (Abstract)

심화되는 국제 경제 통합의 흐름 속에서 한-베트남 자유무역협정（VKFTA）
은 중요한 법적 토대를 마련하였으며, 2015년 발효 이후 양국 간 무역액의 획
기적인 성장을 견인해 왔다. 그러나 약속된 이행 일정에 따라 전통적인 관세
장벽이 점진적으로 철폐됨에 따라, 비관세 장벽（NTBs）이 정교한 시장 조절 및
보호 수단으로 부상하며 양국 간의 무역 구조, 경쟁력, 그리고 무역 수지에 직
접적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구는 이론적 배경에서부터 실증적 분석에 이
르기까지 체계적인 분석 과정을 통해 설정된 연구 목적을 달성하였으며, 그 핵
심적인 결론은 다음과 같다.
본 논문은 2015년부터 현재까지 한-베트남 무역에서 적용된 비관세 장벽의
실태를 다각적이고 상세하게 조망하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 베트남은 한국
산 고부가가치 기술 제품에 대해 우호적인 개방 정책을 유지해 온 반면, 베트
남산 상품, 특히 농·림·수산물 및 내수 섬유 의류 품목은 한국 시장에서 매우
엄격한 장벽에 직면해 있는 것으로 나타났다. 냉동 새우에 대한 저율관세할당
（TRQ）과 같은 수량 제한 조치를 비롯하여, 농약 잔류 허용기준 관리제도
（PLS）, 국가통합인증마크（KC Mark） 등의 기술적 장벽, 그리고 원산지 증명
（C/O） 확인 절차의 복잡성은 기업의 규제 준수 비용을 크게 증가시키는 요인
으로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 장벽들은 가격 경쟁 우위를 약화시키고 시장 접근
성을 제한함으로써, 베트남의 대한 무역 수지 적자가 지속되는 근본적인 원인
이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 정부 차원의 외교적 협상 및 상호인정협정
（MRAs） 체결을 위한 제도적 정비부터, 기업 차원의 품질 향상, 공급망 재편,
그리고 ESG 경영 표준 도입에 이르기까지 일련의 통합적인 솔루션을 제안하
였다.
본 연구는 비관세 장벽（NTBs）의 해소를 위한 협상과 이를 극복하기 위한
선제적 대응이 양국 무역 관계의 지속가능한 발전을 결정짓는 핵심적 요소임
을 확언하는 바이다. 이러한 장벽의 완화는 관세는 인하되나 행정 비용은 오히
려 상승하는 역설적 상황을 방지함으로써, 한-베트남 FTA（VKFTA）의 특혜
이익을 극대화하기 위한 필요조건일 뿐만 아니라 베트남의 수출 구조를 질적
으로 고도화하기 위한 필수 과제이기도 한다. 투명하고 비합리적인 기술 장벽
이 최소화된 무역 환경은 베트남 중소기업（SMEs）이 글로벌 공급망에 직접 참여할 수 있는 동력을 제공할 것이며, 이는 나아가 무역 수지의 균형을 도모하
고 2030년 교역액 1,500억 달러 달성이라는 목표를 실현하는 중추적인 역할을
할 것이다.
본 연구는 연구 범위와 시간적 제약으로 인해 향후 연구를 위한 몇 가지 방
향을 제시하고자 한다. 후속 연구에서는 중력 모형（Gravity Model）과 같은 계
량경제학적 모델을 활용하여 위생·식물위생（SPS） 조치 등 개별 장벽이 특정
산업군의 수출액에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 정밀하게 측정할 필요가 있다.
또한, 선진국들을 중심으로 법제화되고 있는 차세대 기술 장벽인 ESG（환경·사
회·지배구조） 표준의 영향에 관한 심층 연구는 향후 10년 동안 베트남 경제의
녹색 수출 지향점을 위한 실질적인 과학적 근거를 제공할 것이며, 이는 매우
시의적절한 연구 주제가 될 것이다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• 제1장 서 론 ···································································································1
• 제1절 연구배경 및 목적 ············································································1
• 1. 연구배경 ································································································1
• 2. 연구목적 ································································································4
• 제 2 절 연구의 방법 및 구성··································································6
• 1. 연구 방법 ········································································································6
• 2. 연구 구성 ·········································································································7
• 제2장 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 ·····························································9
• 제1절 국제무역과 무역장벽 ····································································9
• 1. 국제무역 이론 ·······················································································9
• 2. 경제 발전에 있어서 국제 무역의 역할 ·········································10
• 3. 국제 무역에 영향을 미치는 요인 ·················································12
• 4. 무역장벽 ·····························································································13
• 제2절 비관세 장벽의 개념······································································16
• 1. 비관세 장벽의 개요 ···········································································16
• 2. 비관세 장벽의 역할과 목표 ·····························································19
• 3. 비관세 장벽의 주요 유형·································································20
• 4. 비관세 장벽이 국제무역에 미치는 영향 ·······································24
• 제3절 선행연구 검토 ················································································27
• 1. 선행연구 고찰 ·····················································································27
• 2. 선행연구와의 차별성················································································30
• 제3장 한-베 무역 비관세 장벽 현황 ··············································32
• 제1절 한-베 무역 관계 분석 ······························································32
• 1. 한-베 양국 간 무역 규모 ······························································32
• 2. 베트남의 대（對）한국 수출 상품 구조 분석 ································34
• 3. 베트남의 대（對）한국 수입 상품 구조 분석 ································38
• 4. 한-베 간 무역에서 VKFTA의 역할 ············································41
• 제2절 한-베 무역 비관세 장벽 현황 ··················································44
• 1. 수입 규제（수량 규제） ······································································44
• 2. 가격 규제 ···························································································47
• 3. 품질 표준:무역기술장벽（TBT） 및 위생·식물위생（SPS） ··········50
• 4. 통관 및 행정 절차 ···········································································53
• 5. 정부의 개입（수출관련 조치） ··························································56
• 6. 기타 규제 ···························································································59
• 제3절 한-베 무역에 대한 비관세 장벽의 영향 ······························62
• 1. 기업 준수 비용 상승과 경영 불확실성 ·······································62
• 2. 시장 진입 장벽의 구조적 한계와 로컬기업 소외 현상 ··········· 63
• 3. 교역 불균형 심화 및 무역 창출 효과 저해 ·······························64
• 4. 종합 평가 ···························································································66
• 5. 비관세 장벽의 원인 ·········································································67
• 제4장 비관세 장벽 해결방안 ·································································69
• 제1절 정부 차원의 해결방안··································································69
• 1. 수입 규제 해결방안 ·········································································69
• 2. 가격 규제 해결방안 ·········································································70
• 3. 품질 및 위생 장벽 해결방안·························································71
• 4. 통관 및 행정 절차 해결방안·························································72
• 5. 정부의 개입（수출관련 조치） 해결방안 ········································73
• 6. 기타 규제 해결방안 ·········································································74
• 제2절 기업 차원의 해결책 ········································································75
• 1. 정보의 선제적 파악 및 무역 법규 준수 역량 강화 ················· 76
• 2. 품질 관리 체계 표준화 투자 및 이력추적제 투명성 제고 ····· 76
• 3. 원산지 규정（ROO） 충족을 위한 원자재 공급망 재편 ············· 77
• 4. 지속가능발전（ESG） 기준 대응을 위한 생산 모델의 전환 ······ 78
• 5. 네트워크 연계 강화 및 업종별 협회의 역할 제고 ··················· 79
• 제3절 한-베 무역의 발전 방향 ······························································80
• 1. 기대 교역액 달성 및 무역수지의 단계적 불균형 해소 ··········· 81
• 2. 수출 상품 구조의 고도화 및 글로벌 가치사슬（GVC） 참여 확대·· 81
• 3. ESG 경영 및 녹색 경제 표준의 무역 실무 통합 ·····················82
• 4. 제도적 협력 강화 및 표준 체계의 조화（MRA） 추진 ·············· 82
• 5. 제안된 해결책 ···················································································83
• 제5장 결론 ···································································································85
• 참고 문헌 ····································································································87
• Abstract ······································································································90