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    LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진의 연소성능 및 막냉각 특성 : 시험평가를 통한 추력실 최적 설계 및 운용 조건 탐색 = Combustion Performance and Film-cooling Characteristics of a LOx/LNG Small Rocket Engine: A Scrutiny into the Optimal Design and Operational Condition of Thrust Chamber through Test and Evaluation

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17545523

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    This study experimentally investigates the combustion performance and film-cooling characteristics of 200 N- and 445 N-class liquid oxygen/liquefied natural gas (LOx/LNG) small rocket engines to establish optimal thrust chamber design configurations and operating conditions for flight-model development.
    For the 200 N-class engine employing a single-element bi-swirl injector, ten injector variants were systematically designed and tested through sequential optimization of propellant assignment, inner swirler geometric constant, injection pressure differential, and recess length. Assigning the high-density, high-mass-flux LOx to the outer swirler suppresses angular momentum loss at the orifice wall and mitigates the unintended film-cooling effect caused by oxidizer-rich wall flow, which was the primary mechanism limiting combustion efficiency in the initial design. The geometric constant of the inner swirler governs a trade-off between mixing enhancement and combustion stability: beyond a critical threshold, excessive momentum exchange between the inner and outer swirling flows induces local flame quenching and pressure oscillations. The optimal injector, BSI-G, achieves characteristic velocity efficiencies of 89.2–90.4% at equivalence ratios of 1.6–1.9 ((O/F)mass = 2.48–2.08). Film-cooling optimization identified an optimal PFC of 19.9%, beyond which excess cryogenic coolant loading induces flame quenching and sensible enthalpy absorption, which together degrade combustion performance. A 7-second hot-fire evaluation at the optimal condition confirmed a characteristic velocity of 1,623.4 m/s, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 95.0%, and wall temperatures below 600°C throughout the combustion. Vacuum thrust and specific impulse are estimated at 250.7 N and 290.9 s at an expansion ratio of 50.
    For the 445 N-class engine employing a three-element BSI-G array, the performance degradation observed at ϕ = 1.3–1.4 ((O/F)mass = 3.05–2.83) in single-element testing was fully eliminated in the multi-element configuration, attributed to inter-element spray interaction that improves propellant mixing and alleviates the underlying hydraulic coupling disturbance. Characteristic velocity efficiencies exceeding 90% were achieved across the entire operating range, with peak performance at ϕ = 1.50 ((O/F)mass = 2.64). Film-cooling tests with PFC fixed at 12.5% identified ϕa = 1.24 ((O/F)mass,a = 3.19) as the optimal apparent equivalence ratio, at which combustion instability is suppressed and peak chamber pressure and characteristic velocity are achieved. At this condition with PFC = 12.8%, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 94.2% and a normalized pressure standard deviation of 1.92% were confirmed. Extended operation at PFC ≥ 17.3% revealed localized hot spots at the nozzle convergent section, driven by thermal feedback arising from the circumferentially non-uniform heat flux distribution associated with the three-element injector arrangement. A modified slot arrangement designed to concentrate coolant toward these high-heat-flux regions instead degraded both combustion performance and stability, as the resulting asymmetric coolant distribution disrupted uniform film formation; a circumferentially uniform slot configuration was confirmed to be superior under the conditions examined. The design methodology and experimental dataset established in this study provide a foundation for thrust chamber design and performance prediction of LOx/LNG-based small liquid rocket engines, and contribute to the thermal design basis for reusable and long-duration propulsion systems.
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    This study experimentally investigates the combustion performance and film-cooling characteristics of 200 N- and 445 N-class liquid oxygen/liquefied natural gas (LOx/LNG) small rocket engines to establish optimal thrust chamber design configuratio...

    This study experimentally investigates the combustion performance and film-cooling characteristics of 200 N- and 445 N-class liquid oxygen/liquefied natural gas (LOx/LNG) small rocket engines to establish optimal thrust chamber design configurations and operating conditions for flight-model development.
    For the 200 N-class engine employing a single-element bi-swirl injector, ten injector variants were systematically designed and tested through sequential optimization of propellant assignment, inner swirler geometric constant, injection pressure differential, and recess length. Assigning the high-density, high-mass-flux LOx to the outer swirler suppresses angular momentum loss at the orifice wall and mitigates the unintended film-cooling effect caused by oxidizer-rich wall flow, which was the primary mechanism limiting combustion efficiency in the initial design. The geometric constant of the inner swirler governs a trade-off between mixing enhancement and combustion stability: beyond a critical threshold, excessive momentum exchange between the inner and outer swirling flows induces local flame quenching and pressure oscillations. The optimal injector, BSI-G, achieves characteristic velocity efficiencies of 89.2–90.4% at equivalence ratios of 1.6–1.9 ((O/F)mass = 2.48–2.08). Film-cooling optimization identified an optimal PFC of 19.9%, beyond which excess cryogenic coolant loading induces flame quenching and sensible enthalpy absorption, which together degrade combustion performance. A 7-second hot-fire evaluation at the optimal condition confirmed a characteristic velocity of 1,623.4 m/s, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 95.0%, and wall temperatures below 600°C throughout the combustion. Vacuum thrust and specific impulse are estimated at 250.7 N and 290.9 s at an expansion ratio of 50.
    For the 445 N-class engine employing a three-element BSI-G array, the performance degradation observed at ϕ = 1.3–1.4 ((O/F)mass = 3.05–2.83) in single-element testing was fully eliminated in the multi-element configuration, attributed to inter-element spray interaction that improves propellant mixing and alleviates the underlying hydraulic coupling disturbance. Characteristic velocity efficiencies exceeding 90% were achieved across the entire operating range, with peak performance at ϕ = 1.50 ((O/F)mass = 2.64). Film-cooling tests with PFC fixed at 12.5% identified ϕa = 1.24 ((O/F)mass,a = 3.19) as the optimal apparent equivalence ratio, at which combustion instability is suppressed and peak chamber pressure and characteristic velocity are achieved. At this condition with PFC = 12.8%, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 94.2% and a normalized pressure standard deviation of 1.92% were confirmed. Extended operation at PFC ≥ 17.3% revealed localized hot spots at the nozzle convergent section, driven by thermal feedback arising from the circumferentially non-uniform heat flux distribution associated with the three-element injector arrangement. A modified slot arrangement designed to concentrate coolant toward these high-heat-flux regions instead degraded both combustion performance and stability, as the resulting asymmetric coolant distribution disrupted uniform film formation; a circumferentially uniform slot configuration was confirmed to be superior under the conditions examined. The design methodology and experimental dataset established in this study provide a foundation for thrust chamber design and performance prediction of LOx/LNG-based small liquid rocket engines, and contribute to the thermal design basis for reusable and long-duration propulsion systems.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 1. 연구배경 1
    • 1.1 연구의 필요성 1
    • 1.2 연구 동향 3
    • 2. 연구 목표 및 내용 9
    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 1. 연구배경 1
    • 1.1 연구의 필요성 1
    • 1.2 연구 동향 3
    • 2. 연구 목표 및 내용 9
    • Ⅱ. LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진 추력실 조립체 설계 11
    • 1. 스월 분사기 설계 11
    • 2. 연소실 설계 24
    • 3. 초음속 노즐 설계 29
    • Ⅲ. LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진 및 시험 설비 36
    • 1. 소형로켓엔진 설계 사양 36
    • 1.1 단일 요소 분사기가 적용된 200 N급 소형로켓엔진 36
    • 1.2 다중 요소 분사기가 적용된 445 N급 소형로켓엔진 37
    • 2. 수류시험 장치 및 촬영기법 39
    • 3. 연소시험 설비 및 시험절차 43
    • Ⅳ. 200 N급 LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진의 연소성능 및 막냉각 특성 47
    • 1. 연구배경 및 목적 47
    • 2. 추력실 조립체 초기 형상 설계 및 예비연소실험 52
    • 2.1 추력실 조립체 초기 형상 설계 52
    • 2.2 시험조건 및 방법 56
    • 2.2.1 수류시험 조건 56
    • 2.2.2 예비연소실험 조건 57
    • 2.3 시험 결과 59
    • 2.3.1 내측 오리피스 유무에 따른 외측 선회기의 분무 거동 59
    • 2.3.2 리세스 수에 따른 분무특성 70
    • 2.3.3 리세스 수에 따른 예비연소실험 75
    • 3. 이중 스월 분사기 설계 변수 변이별 연소성능 81
    • 3.1 분사기 설계 최적화 과정 81
    • 3.2 내·외측 선회기 간 추진제 배정 변경에 따른 연소성능 84
    • 3.2.1 설계 변경점 84
    • 3.2.2 극저온 분무 거동 비교 86
    • 3.2.3 연소시험 조건 87
    • 3.2.4 연소시험 결과 88
    • 3.3 내측 선회기의 기하학적 상수에 따른 연소성능 93
    • 3.3.1 설계 변경점 93
    • 3.3.2 극저온 분무 거동 비교 95
    • 3.3.3 연소시험 조건 96
    • 3.3.4 연소시험 결과 98
    • 3.4 내측 선회기의 분사 차압에 따른 연소성능 107
    • 3.4.1 설계 변경점 107
    • 3.4.2 연소시험 조건 109
    • 3.4.3 연소시험 결과 111
    • 3.5 리세스 길이에 따른 연소성능 118
    • 3.5.1 설계 변경점 118
    • 3.5.2 연소시험 조건 119
    • 3.5.3 연소시험 결과 121
    • 4. 막냉각 조건에 따른 연소성능 및 막냉각 특성 130
    • 4.1 막냉각 분사기 설계 130
    • 4.2 추진제 유입구 각도 및 선회 방향에 따른 연소성능 및 냉각효과 134
    • 4.2.1 설계 변경점 134
    • 4.2.2 연소시험 조건 135
    • 4.2.3 연소시험 결과 137
    • 4.3 막냉각제 유량에 따른 연소성능 및 냉각효과 144
    • 4.3.1 연소시험 조건 144
    • 4.3.2 연소시험 결과 145
    • 5. 막냉각이 적용된 200 N급 LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진의 연소성능 시험평가 150
    • Ⅴ. 445 N급 LOx/LNG 소형로켓엔진의 연소성능 및 막냉각 특성 155
    • 1. 연구배경 및 목적 155
    • 2. 당량비에 따른 연소성능 158
    • 2.1 추력실 조립체 형상 설계 158
    • 2.2 연소시험 조건 162
    • 2.3 연소시험 결과 163
    • 3. 막냉각 조건에 따른 연소성능 및 막냉각 특성 170
    • 3.1 겉보기 당량비에 따른 연소성능 및 냉각효과 170
    • 3.1.1 연소시험 조건 170
    • 3.1.2 연소시험 결과 171
    • 3.2 막냉각제 유량에 따른 연소성능 및 냉각효과 177
    • 3.2.1 연소시험 조건 177
    • 3.2.2 연소시험 결과 178
    • 3.3 막냉각 슬롯 배치 변경에 따른 연소성능 및 냉각효과 185
    • 3.3.1 설계 변경점 185
    • 3.3.2 연소시험 조건 186
    • 3.3.3 연소시험 결과 187
    • Ⅵ. 결 론 192
    • 참고문헌 198
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