This study experimentally investigates the combustion performance and film-cooling characteristics of 200 N- and 445 N-class liquid oxygen/liquefied natural gas (LOx/LNG) small rocket engines to establish optimal thrust chamber design configuratio...
This study experimentally investigates the combustion performance and film-cooling characteristics of 200 N- and 445 N-class liquid oxygen/liquefied natural gas (LOx/LNG) small rocket engines to establish optimal thrust chamber design configurations and operating conditions for flight-model development.
For the 200 N-class engine employing a single-element bi-swirl injector, ten injector variants were systematically designed and tested through sequential optimization of propellant assignment, inner swirler geometric constant, injection pressure differential, and recess length. Assigning the high-density, high-mass-flux LOx to the outer swirler suppresses angular momentum loss at the orifice wall and mitigates the unintended film-cooling effect caused by oxidizer-rich wall flow, which was the primary mechanism limiting combustion efficiency in the initial design. The geometric constant of the inner swirler governs a trade-off between mixing enhancement and combustion stability: beyond a critical threshold, excessive momentum exchange between the inner and outer swirling flows induces local flame quenching and pressure oscillations. The optimal injector, BSI-G, achieves characteristic velocity efficiencies of 89.2–90.4% at equivalence ratios of 1.6–1.9 ((O/F)mass = 2.48–2.08). Film-cooling optimization identified an optimal PFC of 19.9%, beyond which excess cryogenic coolant loading induces flame quenching and sensible enthalpy absorption, which together degrade combustion performance. A 7-second hot-fire evaluation at the optimal condition confirmed a characteristic velocity of 1,623.4 m/s, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 95.0%, and wall temperatures below 600°C throughout the combustion. Vacuum thrust and specific impulse are estimated at 250.7 N and 290.9 s at an expansion ratio of 50.
For the 445 N-class engine employing a three-element BSI-G array, the performance degradation observed at ϕ = 1.3–1.4 ((O/F)mass = 3.05–2.83) in single-element testing was fully eliminated in the multi-element configuration, attributed to inter-element spray interaction that improves propellant mixing and alleviates the underlying hydraulic coupling disturbance. Characteristic velocity efficiencies exceeding 90% were achieved across the entire operating range, with peak performance at ϕ = 1.50 ((O/F)mass = 2.64). Film-cooling tests with PFC fixed at 12.5% identified ϕa = 1.24 ((O/F)mass,a = 3.19) as the optimal apparent equivalence ratio, at which combustion instability is suppressed and peak chamber pressure and characteristic velocity are achieved. At this condition with PFC = 12.8%, a characteristic velocity efficiency of 94.2% and a normalized pressure standard deviation of 1.92% were confirmed. Extended operation at PFC ≥ 17.3% revealed localized hot spots at the nozzle convergent section, driven by thermal feedback arising from the circumferentially non-uniform heat flux distribution associated with the three-element injector arrangement. A modified slot arrangement designed to concentrate coolant toward these high-heat-flux regions instead degraded both combustion performance and stability, as the resulting asymmetric coolant distribution disrupted uniform film formation; a circumferentially uniform slot configuration was confirmed to be superior under the conditions examined. The design methodology and experimental dataset established in this study provide a foundation for thrust chamber design and performance prediction of LOx/LNG-based small liquid rocket engines, and contribute to the thermal design basis for reusable and long-duration propulsion systems.