This study aims to diagnose the actual state of citizens' willingness to cooperate with the police, which serves as the core foundation for ensuring the effectiveness of local policing, and to investigate the structural and psychological factors that ...
This study aims to diagnose the actual state of citizens' willingness to cooperate with the police, which serves as the core foundation for ensuring the effectiveness of local policing, and to investigate the structural and psychological factors that influence it. In particular, it focuses on the causal process through which perceptions of social inequality, a cognitive evaluation of macroscopic social structures, are transferred to the willingness to cooperate with the police, a microscopic behavioral intention. Specifically, this study empirically verifies the sequential multi-mediating effects of social cynicism and trust in the police that intervene in this process.
Voluntary cooperation from citizens is a crucial determinant of the success of community policing, a modern paradigm for maintaining public safety, and is an essential requirement for maintaining community security. However, existing research has been limited by focusing primarily on microscopic, institution-centered elements, such as the law enforcement capabilities of the police and public trust in the police institution itself. As a result, a multidimensional and in-depth explanation has not been provided regarding the mechanisms through which the macro-social structure fairness perceived by citizens and the underlying psychological distortions formed in that process influence the willingness to cooperate with the police.
Therefore, this study assumed perceptions of social inequality as the primary antecedent and designed a serial mediation structure with social cynicism and trust in the police as mediators. In addition, a comprehensive research model was constructed by including collective efficacy, a communal characteristic, and social norms, which represent environmental pressures, as moderating variables to examine the contextual factors regulating these causal relationships.
To achieve these research objectives, a survey was conducted with 407 ordinary citizens. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and PROCESS Macro analysis were utilized in parallel to statistically verify the structural relationships among variables, as well as the sequential multiple mediation and moderation effects. In addition, focus group interviews (FGI) were conducted to provide in-depth insights into citizens' subjective perceptions and public safety experiences, which are difficult to capture through quantitative analysis alone. Finally, by applying a mixed-methods approach that comprehensively links and reviews the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses, this study aimed to elucidate the process through which citizens' willingness to cooperate with the police is formed in a more multifaceted and three-dimensional manner.
The descriptive statistical analysis of the major variables revealed that citizens' willingness to cooperate with the police generally remained above the moderate level. An item-by-item review indicated that while the intention to report emergency situations or violent crimes immediately was very high, the willingness to voluntarily participate in community crime prevention activities or share positive information about police activities with neighbors was relatively low, confirming variations across different types of policing participation.
The results of the structural equation model and PROCESS Macro analysis based on the research model are as follows.
First, individual path analysis within the model revealed that the macroscopic factor of perception of social inequality significantly increased social cynicism, which forms the basis of psychological resistance. Furthermore, deepened social cynicism proved to be a strong antecedent that directly reduces trust in the police, which reflects attitudes toward public institutions. For the final dependent variable, willingness to cooperate with the police, only trust in the police exhibited a significant positive direct effect.
Second, the core hypothesis of this study, the sequential multiple mediation effect, was tested, and the serial mediation pathway was statistically highly significant. This path demonstrates a dual mediation mechanism where the perception of social inequality sequentially reduces the willingness to cooperate with the police via social cynicism and trust in the police. The effect size was minus 0.0690, and the bootstrap confidence interval ranged from a lower limit of minus 0.1026 to an upper limit of minus 0.0386, containing no zeros within the interval. Conversely, the direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable was not significant, and none of the single mediating pathways involving only cynicism or trust were significant either. This indicates that for cognitive evaluations of social inequality to manifest as concrete acts of denying police cooperation, they must pass through a sophisticated cognitive and psychological chain mechanism involving the formation of cynicism toward the society and a subsequent decline in trust in police institutions. This empirically demonstrates that the research model adopts a complete mediation structure.
Third, the results of verifying the moderating effects of contextual factors showed that social norms had an interaction-promoting effect, statistically significantly increasing the magnitude of the positive influence of trust in the police on the willingness to cooperate with the police. In other words, it was confirmed that when a normative environment is strongly established in which neighbors or the community take cooperation with the police for granted, the intensity with which trust in the police translates into actual cooperative behavior is further amplified. On the other hand, the moderating effect of collective efficacy, which was expected to mitigate the negative relationship between social cynicism and the willingness to cooperate with the police, was found to be not statistically significant.
In the focus group interview analysis conducted for the qualitative investigation, citizens were asked to describe their subjective perceptions and specific experiences regarding public safety. Participants identified the inconvenience of reporting procedures and concerns about post-incident retaliation from suspects as major factors hindering cooperation with the police. Furthermore, they expressed ‘learned helplessness’, specifically a strong cynical attitude, believing that even if they reported an incident, no substantial improvement or action would be taken. In particular, these qualitative analysis results support the findings of the previously conducted quantitative analysis within an empirical context. The participants clearly demonstrated that citizens' voluntary cooperation with public safety does not merely manifest from abstract trust in the police, but is dynamically determined by practical and experiential conditions, such as the guaranteed protection of personal safety after reporting, procedural transparency in handling cases, and an atmosphere of consensus within the community to which the individual belongs.
Consequently, the findings of these focus group interviews support the statistical fact that the perception of social inequality acts through a full mediation path via social cynicism and a decline in trust. At the same time, it holds academic significance in that it reconfirms, through real-world voices, the moderating effect of social norms, demonstrating that the surrounding normative environment drives specific cooperative behaviors.
Based on the results of this mixed-methods study, the implications and significance of this research are as follows.
In terms of academic implications, this study possesses theoretical distinctiveness in that it overcomes the limitations of the so-called police trust-centered paradigm, which has been deeply embedded in existing police science research. It clearly identifies the black box, in which the macroscopic structural variable of inequality perception leads to the microscopic behavior of policing cooperation, as a serial chain structure of social cynicism and trust in the police, which are meso-range psychological mechanisms. In particular, it is highly significant in that it demonstrated cognitive and psychological transfer processes by clearly contrasting the non-significance of a single mediation path with the significance of a double mediation path in the process of mediating between the macroscopic structure and individual behavioral intentions, thereby expanding the boundaries of police cooperation theory by empirically demonstrating the moderating effect of social norms.
In terms of policy implications, first, this suggests an urgent need for a comprehensive paradigm shift toward policing activities based on procedural fairness. This shift moves away from a linear approach centered on the quantitative expansion of visible policing services or unilateral police publicity, and instead aims to fundamentally alleviate the social cynicism deeply rooted within citizens. Second, to resolve citizens' perceptions of inequality in law enforcement, transparency and accountability in policing administration must be enhanced. Simultaneously, victim and whistleblower protection systems must be meticulously redesigned to dispel concerns about post-incident retaliation and ‘learned helplessness’ raised in focus group interviews, thereby institutionally mitigating the perceived risk costs of cooperation. Third, to ensure the successful establishment of a resident-participatory autonomous police system and the effectiveness of community policing, efforts must not be limited to merely increasing physical patrol personnel or establishing perfunctory participation channels. Instead, comprehensive programs to create a normative policing environment that fosters mutual trust and a sense of public duty within the local community must be implemented in parallel. In conclusion, it is believed that these multidimensional findings can be usefully utilized as practical foundational data for establishing and implementing effective community-based policing policies in the future.