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    발전기 운전제약을 고려한 동적안정도 기반 발전제약 실효량 산정 방법론에 관한 연구 = A Study on a Dynamic-Stability-Based Methodology for Estimating Effective Generation Constraints Considering Generator Operating Constraints

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T17540487

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    The uncertainty and complexity involved in determining generation constraints have increased due to the geographical imbalance between large-scale generation complexes and major load centers, the reduction in system inertia caused by the expansion of renewable energy resources, and hourly variations in demand and generator operating conditions. Conventional approaches based on representative operating conditions or seasonal operation plans have limitations in reflecting actual hourly system states. In addition, a physical limit derived solely from stability analysis does not necessarily represent the output that generators can actually achieve under practical operating constraints.
    This study proposes a dynamic-stability-based methodology for estimating effective generation constraints while considering generator operating constraints. First, a 24-hour time-series database for stability analysis is constructed using historical operating data, including hourly demand, generator output, and unit commitment status. Power-flow convergence and dynamic initialization are verified for each hourly case. Subsequently, the output of the constrained generator group is increased stepwise, while the output of the balancing generator group is reduced to maintain the supply–demand balance. For each output level, contingency simulations are conducted, and transient stability and frequency stability are simultaneously evaluated using the relative rotor-angle response and the post-contingency frequency nadir. The maximum output satisfying both stability criteria is defined as the hourly generation constraint limit. To reduce the computational burden of repeated dynamic simulations, a Binary Search–based boundary-search procedure is applied. The resulting stability-based generation constraint limits are then imposed as hourly upper bounds in a mixed-integer linear programming model. The model incorporates generator minimum and maximum output limits, operating reserve requirements, ramp-rate constraints, and start-up and shut-down conditions to determine the effective generation constraint.
    A case study is conducted for a major transmission corridor connecting generation complexes on the east coast of Korea to the load center in the Seoul metropolitan area. During the analyzed day, system demand ranges from 40.5 to 60.8 GW, while the number of committed generators varies from 186 to 293. The average actual output of the constrained generator group is approximately 2.10 GW, whereas the average dynamic-stability-based generation constraint limit is approximately 4.53 GW, resulting in an average difference of about 2.43 GW. When a 10% reserve requirement is applied, the average number of committed units increases from 5.46 to 5.96. Under ramp-rate limits of 50, 150, and 300 MW/h, the average effective generation constraints are approximately 3.31, 4.24, and 4.33 GW, respectively. The application of generator start-up constraints also restricts output increases during the initial operating hours and delays the time required to reach the stability-based generation limit. These results demonstrate that the output actually available for operation can vary substantially depending on generator operating constraints, even when the same stability-based limit is applied.
    By integrating hourly system conditions, dynamic-stability limits, and generator operating constraints into a unified analytical framework, this study provides a method for distinguishing the potential output margin permitted by system stability from the output level that can actually be achieved in operation. The proposed method also enables the limiting cause of a generation constraint to be identified as either a system dynamic-stability issue or an operating restriction associated with reserve requirements, ramping capability, or generator commitment status. The proposed methodology can be further utilized as an operational support tool for online stability assessment, generator scheduling, and renewable-energy hosting-capacity studies.
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    The uncertainty and complexity involved in determining generation constraints have increased due to the geographical imbalance between large-scale generation complexes and major load centers, the reduction in system inertia caused by the expansion of ...

    The uncertainty and complexity involved in determining generation constraints have increased due to the geographical imbalance between large-scale generation complexes and major load centers, the reduction in system inertia caused by the expansion of renewable energy resources, and hourly variations in demand and generator operating conditions. Conventional approaches based on representative operating conditions or seasonal operation plans have limitations in reflecting actual hourly system states. In addition, a physical limit derived solely from stability analysis does not necessarily represent the output that generators can actually achieve under practical operating constraints.
    This study proposes a dynamic-stability-based methodology for estimating effective generation constraints while considering generator operating constraints. First, a 24-hour time-series database for stability analysis is constructed using historical operating data, including hourly demand, generator output, and unit commitment status. Power-flow convergence and dynamic initialization are verified for each hourly case. Subsequently, the output of the constrained generator group is increased stepwise, while the output of the balancing generator group is reduced to maintain the supply–demand balance. For each output level, contingency simulations are conducted, and transient stability and frequency stability are simultaneously evaluated using the relative rotor-angle response and the post-contingency frequency nadir. The maximum output satisfying both stability criteria is defined as the hourly generation constraint limit. To reduce the computational burden of repeated dynamic simulations, a Binary Search–based boundary-search procedure is applied. The resulting stability-based generation constraint limits are then imposed as hourly upper bounds in a mixed-integer linear programming model. The model incorporates generator minimum and maximum output limits, operating reserve requirements, ramp-rate constraints, and start-up and shut-down conditions to determine the effective generation constraint.
    A case study is conducted for a major transmission corridor connecting generation complexes on the east coast of Korea to the load center in the Seoul metropolitan area. During the analyzed day, system demand ranges from 40.5 to 60.8 GW, while the number of committed generators varies from 186 to 293. The average actual output of the constrained generator group is approximately 2.10 GW, whereas the average dynamic-stability-based generation constraint limit is approximately 4.53 GW, resulting in an average difference of about 2.43 GW. When a 10% reserve requirement is applied, the average number of committed units increases from 5.46 to 5.96. Under ramp-rate limits of 50, 150, and 300 MW/h, the average effective generation constraints are approximately 3.31, 4.24, and 4.33 GW, respectively. The application of generator start-up constraints also restricts output increases during the initial operating hours and delays the time required to reach the stability-based generation limit. These results demonstrate that the output actually available for operation can vary substantially depending on generator operating constraints, even when the same stability-based limit is applied.
    By integrating hourly system conditions, dynamic-stability limits, and generator operating constraints into a unified analytical framework, this study provides a method for distinguishing the potential output margin permitted by system stability from the output level that can actually be achieved in operation. The proposed method also enables the limiting cause of a generation constraint to be identified as either a system dynamic-stability issue or an operating restriction associated with reserve requirements, ramping capability, or generator commitment status. The proposed methodology can be further utilized as an operational support tool for online stability assessment, generator scheduling, and renewable-energy hosting-capacity studies.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • (Abstract)
    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
    • 1.2 해외 전력계통의 실시간 안정도 기반 제약관리 사례 9
    • 1.2.1 북미 NERC 및 ERCOT 사례 10
    • (Abstract)
    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
    • 1.2 해외 전력계통의 실시간 안정도 기반 제약관리 사례 9
    • 1.2.1 북미 NERC 및 ERCOT 사례 10
    • 1.2.2 북미 CAISO 및 RC West 사례 12
    • 1.2.3 호주 AEMO 사례 14
    • 1.2.4 아일랜드 EirGrid 및 SONI 사례 16
    • 1.2.5 해외사례의 종합적 시사점 17
    • 1.3 연구목표 20
    • 1.3.1 24시간 시계열 안정도 해석용 DB구성 20
    • 1.3.2 동적안정도 기반 발전제약 한계량 산정 21
    • 1.3.3 Binary Search 기반 한계량 탐색 효율화 21
    • 1.3.4 MILP 기반 실효 발전제약량 산정 21
    • 1.3.5 연구 목표의 종합 22
    • 1.4 논문의 구성 24
    • Ⅱ. 실효 발전제약량 산정 방법론 25
    • 2.1 발전제약 및 전력계통 안정도 개요 25
    • 2.1.1 발전제약의 정의 25
    • 2.1.2 발전제약 유형 27
    • 2.1.3 과도안정도 개요 31
    • 2.1.4 주파수안정도 개요 34
    • 2.1.5 과도안정도와 주파수안정도 동시 고려 필요성 37
    • 2.2 24시간 시계열 DB 구성 방법론 42
    • 2.2.1 24시간 시계열 DB 구성의 필요성 43
    • 2.2.2 24시간 시계열 DB 구성 방식 44
    • 2.2.3 실적 기반 24시간 DB 생성 절차 46
    • 2.2.4 정적 데이터 전처리 48
    • 2.2.5 동적 데이터 전처리 및 초기화 검증 52
    • 2.2.6 안정도 해석용 DB 확정 절차 및 소결 56
    • 2.3 동적안정도 기반 발전제약 한계량 산정 방법론 58
    • 2.3.1 발전제약 한계량의 정의 59
    • 2.3.2 입력자료 및 변수 정의 61
    • 2.3.3 제약 대상 발전기 및 보상발전기 설정 63
    • 2.3.4 상정고장 선정 66
    • 2.3.5 출력 증가 DB 생성 68
    • 2.3.6 안정도 판정 및 한계량 결정 70
    • 2.3.7 발전제약 한계량 산정 절차 및 소결 72
    • 2.4 Binary Search 기반 한계량 탐색 방법 74
    • 2.4.1 Binary Search 적용 필요성 75
    • 2.4.2 탐색 문제의 구조와 적용 전제 77
    • 2.4.3 변수 정의 79
    • 2.4.4 초기 조건 81
    • 2.4.5 실행 규칙 82
    • 2.4.6 종료 조건 및 한계량 결정 84
    • 2.4.7 알고리즘 정리 86
    • 2.4.8 선형탐색과 Binary Search 비교 87
    • 2.4.9 적용 시 고려사항 89
    • 2.5 MILP 기반 실효 발전제약량 산정 방법론 91
    • 2.5.1 실효 발전제약량의 정의 93
    • 2.5.2 MILP 적용 필요성 96
    • 2.5.3 목적함수 구성 98
    • 2.5.4 안정도 기반 한계량 상한 제약 99
    • 2.5.5 발전기 출력 및 수급균형 제약 101
    • 2.5.6 예비력 제약 102
    • 2.5.7 Ramp Rate 제약 105
    • 2.5.8 발전기 기동조건 제약 107
    • 2.5.9 기타 운영제약 109
    • 2.5.10 실효 발전제약량 산정 절차 111
    • Ⅲ. 실계통 적용 사례연구 114
    • 3.1 분석 조건 114
    • 3.1.1 분석 대상 및 입력 DB 114
    • 3.1.2 분석 대상 계통 및 발전설비 조건 116
    • 3.1.3 상정고장 및 안정도 판정 기준 118
    • 3.1.4 결과 분석 시나리오 121
    • 3.2 24시간 시계열 DB 생성 결과 123
    • 3.3 동적안정도 기반 발전제약 한계량 산정 결과 126
    • 3.3.1 대표 시간대의 동적안정도 응답 분석 127
    • 3.3.2 시간대별 발전제약 한계량 산정 결과 129
    • 3.4 MILP 기반 실효 발전제약량 산정 결과 132
    • 3.4.1 예비력 제약 반영 결과 132
    • 3.4.2 Ramp Rate 제약 반영 결과 138
    • 3.4.3 발전기 기동조건 제약 반영 결과 141
    • 3.5 통합 결과 및 고찰 146
    • 3.5.1 시간대별 운전조건 변화의 영향 146
    • 3.5.2 안정도 기반 한계량과 실적 발전량의 차이 147
    • 3.5.3 운영제약별 실효 발전제약량 영향 148
    • 3.5.4 제안 방법론의 적용 가능성 150
    • Ⅳ. 결 론 151
    • 4.1 연구 결과 요약 152
    • 4.2 연구 기여 154
    • 4.3 확장 가능성 및 향후 연구 방향 155
    • 4.4 종합 결론 156
    • 참고 문헌 157
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