With the continuous development of online education, MOOC platforms have become important sites where learners access course resources, participate in learning activities, and receive learning evaluations. Chinese University MOOC (icourse163) prov...
With the continuous development of online education, MOOC platforms have become important sites where learners access course resources, participate in learning activities, and receive learning evaluations. Chinese University MOOC (icourse163) provides course videos, quizzes, assignments, discussion forums, peer assessment, learning records, and certification services. At the same time, through progress displays, grade feedback, interaction records, and rule arrangements, the platform continuously exposes learners to information related to their own learning status and others’ performance. When such information is repeatedly presented in everyday learning processes, learners complete course tasks while also continuously perceiving their relative positions in relation to others. Social comparison therefore becomes an important entry point for understanding MOOC learning experiences. Taking Chinese University MOOC as the research site, this study adopts Social Comparison Theory as its core analytical perspective and incorporates Theory of Affordances and Self-Determination Theory to examine how social comparison experiences are formed in a MOOC platform, how they influence learning experiences, how learners understand and respond to comparison cues under different learning circumstances and platform-use conditions, and how social comparison on the platform can be regulated to support more positive learning experiences.
This study employed a qualitative case study method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 33 participants, including 20 learners, 8 teachers, and 5 platform staff members. Online observation and platform document analysis were also conducted to examine social comparison experiences in Chinese University MOOC. Data were analyzed through coding-based thematic analysis. The analysis proceeded through close line-by-line reading, open coding, conceptualization, subcategory formation, and upper-category formation. As a result, 686 open codes, 150 concepts, 12 subcategories, and 5 upper categories were generated.
The findings show that social comparison in Chinese University MOOC is an experiential process continuously generated through the interaction of learners’ real-life needs, platform functional arrangements, course tasks, and specific circumstances. When entering the platform, learners often already have different learning purposes, such as pursuing further study, employment, certification, ability enhancement, or interest extension. After entering the platform, cues such as progress displays, grade feedback, discussion forum interactions, peer assessment, certification rules, and system reminders make learners’ initially vague sense of learning position visible, recordable, and repeatedly reviewable. In this process, learners form comparisons with various objects, including peers with similar backgrounds, high-performing learners, seniors or experts, and their past selves. They also evaluate themselves across multiple dimensions, such as progress, grades, work quality, methodological ability, interaction performance, and outcome certification. The consequences of comparison are clearly differentiated. Some learners identify gaps, adjust methods, and maintain engagement, while others experience anxiety, self-doubt, avoidance, stagnation, and shifts in learning goals. Differences in resource background, social role, time conditions, learning purposes, course characteristics, platform service tiers, and control over platform visibility further affect how learners interpret and bear similar platform cues.
On this basis, this study argues that social comparison experiences in Chinese University MOOC exhibit certain structurally induced characteristics. This expression emphasizes that, in a MOOC platform environment, comparison cues are embedded in everyday learning processes through platform visibility arrangements, data-based records, ranking rules, certification mechanisms, and continuous reminders. As a result, the conditions under which social comparison occurs differ from those in traditional classrooms or general interpersonal contexts. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in extending the explanatory power of Social Comparison Theory in platform-based learning environments by examining the relationship among platform functions, course rules, and learners’ specific circumstances. Its practical significance lies in providing empirical grounds for MOOC platform design, online teaching organization, and learner support. The study argues that the regulation of social comparison in MOOC platforms should be carried out collaboratively at the levels of platform design, teaching, and learners. At the platform level, the adjustability of comparison cues should be enhanced and reliance on single ranking mechanisms should be weakened. At the teaching level, comparison should be guided away from result-based ranking toward process reflection and methodological learning. At the learner level, differentiated comparison-regulation resources should be provided according to learners’ different circumstances.
Keywords: social comparison; structurally induced characteristics; MOOC learning experience; Chinese University MOOC; qualitative case study