This study proposes a methodology for deriving a CDS-equivalent credit risk measure that can complement the limitations of conventional YTM-based credit spreads in the Korean corporate bond market, where CDS premiums for individual firms are not suffi...
This study proposes a methodology for deriving a CDS-equivalent credit risk measure that can complement the limitations of conventional YTM-based credit spreads in the Korean corporate bond market, where CDS premiums for individual firms are not sufficiently observable. In practice, corporate credit risk is often inferred from a simple credit spread, defined as the difference between a corporate bond YTM and a risk-free or quasi-risk-free rate of the same maturity. However, since YTM compresses all future cash flows of a bond into a single internal rate of return, it may reflect not only default risk but also coupon structure, premium or discount effects, liquidity premiums, funding effects, market basis, and other non-credit components. Therefore, interpreting a simple YTM spread directly as a pure default intensity or as a credit risk measure comparable to a CDS par spread involves both theoretical and practical limitations.
To address these limitations, this study focuses on the credit discount effect embedded in the fair strike of a Maturity-Matched Bond Forward (MMBF). An MMBF is a structure in which the forward maturity coincides with the maturity of the underlying bond. When the settlement reference price is defined as the cum-redemption value immediately before the final principal and coupon payment, the economic value obtained by the forward buyer is reduced to the final principal-and-interest claim payable conditional on survival to maturity. Under this structure, the MMBF fair strike reflects the credit discount effect embedded in the final cash flow of the risky bond. By dividing the fair strike by the final principal-and-interest amount, this study defines an implied credit discount factor. This factor is not interpreted directly as a recovery-adjusted survival probability in a strict sense; instead, it is used as a survival-like curve under a zero-recovery benchmark. Based on this curve, zero-recovery implied hazard rates are derived by tenor and then applied to a standard CDS pricing framework to obtain CDS-equivalent spreads and CDS Mark-to-Market (MTM) values.
In the empirical analysis, an MMBF-based hazard curve is constructed using observable corporate bond curves and risk-free discount curves, and is compared with a conventional YTM-spread-based hazard curve within the same CDS valuation framework. The results show that the conventional YTM-spread approach tends to produce higher hazard rates and CDS MTM values than the MMBF-based approach, because it directly converts the difference between corporate bond YTM and the benchmark rate into default intensity and may therefore attribute non-credit components to credit risk. By contrast, the MMBF-based approach structurally extracts the credit discount effect embedded in the final principal-and-interest claim through the fair condition of the bond forward. This suggests that the MMBF-based measure can serve as a complementary credit risk measurement tool in markets where CDS liquidity is limited.
The sensitivity analysis further shows that the two approaches have different credit risk transmission mechanisms. In the conventional YTM-spread approach, a parallel shift in the corporate YTM curve is mechanically reflected in the hazard rate for each tenor. In the MMBF-based approach, however, the fair strike, risk-free discount factors, risky bond cash flow structure, and bootstrap procedure jointly determine the tenor-specific sensitivity of hazard rates. This implies that the methodology used to derive a credit risk measure can affect not only CDS-equivalent spreads and MTM values, but also the way market rate changes are transmitted into credit risk valuation.
In conclusion, this study proposes a framework for reconstructing corporate bond price information from the perspective of a CDS pricing framework in markets where CDS quotes are not sufficiently observable. The MMBF-based credit risk measure should be interpreted not as a complete replacement for conventional YTM-based credit spreads, but as a complementary CDS-equivalent measure that more explicitly reflects bond cash flow structure and maturity-specific discount effects. The main contribution of this study is that it connects credit discount effects, implied hazard rates, CDS-equivalent spreads, and CDS MTM values within a consistent valuation framework using only observable corporate bond curves and risk-free discount curves, and empirically demonstrates how the choice of price information used to extract credit risk affects valuation results.