The performance of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is governed by multicomponent membrane organization, which critically determines their formulation behavior, organ selectivity, and immunological outcomes. However, compared to ionizable lipids, s...
The performance of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is governed by multicomponent membrane organization, which critically determines their formulation behavior, organ selectivity, and immunological outcomes. However, compared to ionizable lipids, sterols remain a relatively underexplored design axis. In this study, I engineered sterol compositions by replacing cholesterol with a library of nine-bile acid- derived sterols with different hydroxylation patterns and alkyl tail lengths. I systematically mapped how sterol structure governs formulation-level properties and organ-level expression profiles. By integrating physicochemical characterization with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, I demonstrated that the experimentally observed formulation behaviors were consistently correlated with MD-derived membrane structural descriptors. These descriptors provide a quantitative evaluation framework for prioritizing sterol chemotypes based on their predicted encapsulation performance and membrane organization. Our findings support the notion that sterol- dependent membrane organization provides a structural basis for formulation properties, including mRNA encapsulation. Moreover, substituting cholesterol with bile acid- derived sterols consistently attenuated hepatic expression and shifted organ-level expression toward spleen-dominant profiles across the tested sterol series. This redistribution preferentially shifts mRNA expression toward lymphoid organs that are central to immune priming and adaptive immune activation. Among bile acid-derived sterols, CA-20 LNPs functionally enhance antigen-specific humoral immunity and elicit antigen-specific cellular immune responses, including improved memory-associated immune features, while maintaining systemic safety. Collectively, these results establish sterol engineering as a powerful design strategy for modulating LNP formulation properties, in vivo fate, and immunological function.