산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트와 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트의 성능 및 환경성 비교 연구 = A Comparative Study on the Performance and Environmental Impact of Industrial By-Product-Based Eco-FriendlyConcrete and Ordinary Portland Cement Concret

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the increasing global demand for climate change mitigation and sustainable construction, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry has become a critical issue. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials worldwide, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the primary binder in concrete, is recognized as a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions due to its energy-intensive manufacturing process. Consequently, alternative approaches that reduce cement consumption or utilize supplementary materials have attracted significant research interest. In this context, eco-friendly concrete incorporating industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has emerged as a promising solution for resource recycling and environmental impact reduction. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the compressive strength development of eco-friendly concrete compared to conventional OPC concrete. In particular, fly ash and GGBS often exhibit delayed hydration reactions at early ages, which may lead to reduced early-age compressive strength depending on replacement ratio and mix design. Conversely, several studies have demonstrated comparable or even superior long-term strength performance due to pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactions. These conflicting findings make it difficult to establish clear guidelines for practical application. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature-based meta-analysis comparing the performance and environmental characteristics of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and ordinary Portland cement concrete. Open-access domestic and international studies were systematically collected, and compressive strength data were analyzed considering replacement ratio, water-to-binder ratio, curing age, and strength level. The compressive strength ratio relative to OPC concrete was calculated, and statistical characteristics such as mean values and dispersion were evaluated for different strength categories. The results indicate that the compressive strength performance of eco-friendly concrete strongly depends on the target strength level. For normal-strength concrete, increasing the replacement ratio of fly ash or GGBS generally resulted in reduced early-age compressive strength. In contrast, high-strength concrete and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) demonstrated comparable or improved compressive strength when appropriate mix designs were applied. In particular, GGBS-based concrete exhibited superior long-term strength development compared to OPC concrete. From an environmental perspective, the use of industrial by-products significantly reduces cement consumption, leading to a reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The findings of this study highlight that a balanced consideration of mechanical performance and environmental benefits is essential for the effective application of eco-friendly concrete. This study provides fundamental data for mix design and practical application of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and serves as a reference for future research incorporating durability assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA). Keywords : Industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete, Ordinary ,Portland cement concrete, Compressive strength, Meta-analysis, Environmental performance

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the increasing global demand for climate change mitigation and sustainable construction, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry has become a critical issue. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials worldwide, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the primary binder in concrete, is recognized as a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions due to its energy-intensive manufacturing process. Consequently, alternative approaches that reduce cement consumption or utilize supplementary materials have attracted significant research interest. In this context, eco-friendly concrete incorporating industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has emerged as a promising solution for resource recycling and environmental impact reduction. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the compressive strength development of eco-friendly concrete compared to conventional OPC concrete. In particular, fly ash and GGBS often exhibit delayed hydration reactions at early ages, which may lead to reduced early-age compressive strength depending on replacement ratio and mix design. Conversely, several studies have demonstrated comparable or even superior long-term strength performance due to pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactions. These conflicting findings make it difficult to establish clear guidelines for practical application. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature-based meta-analysis comparing the performance and environmental characteristics of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and ordinary Portland cement concrete. Open-access domestic and international studies were systematically collected, and compressive strength data were analyzed considering replacement ratio, water-to-binder ratio, curing age, and strength level. The compressive strength ratio relative to OPC concrete was calculated, and statistical characteristics such as mean values and dispersion were evaluated for different strength categories. The results indicate that the compressive strength performance of eco-friendly concrete strongly depends on the target strength level. For normal-strength concrete, increasing the replacement ratio of fly ash or GGBS generally resulted in reduced early-age compressive strength. In contrast, high-strength concrete and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) demonstrated comparable or improved compressive strength when appropriate mix designs were applied. In particular, GGBS-based concrete exhibited superior long-term strength development compared to OPC concrete. From an environmental perspective, the use of industrial by-products significantly reduces cement consumption, leading to a reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The findings of this study highlight that a balanced consideration of mechanical performance and environmental benefits is essential for the effective application of eco-friendly concrete. This study provides fundamental data for mix design and practical application of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and serves as a reference for future research incorporating durability assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA). Keywords : Industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete, Ordinary ,Portland cement concrete, Compressive strength, Meta-analysis, Environmental performance

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the increasing global demand for climate change mitigation and sustainable construction, reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry has become a critical issue. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials worldwide, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the primary binder in concrete, is recognized as a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions due to its energy-intensive manufacturing process. Consequently, alternative approaches that reduce cement consumption or utilize supplementary materials have attracted significant research interest. In this context, eco-friendly concrete incorporating industrial by-products such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has emerged as a promising solution for resource recycling and environmental impact reduction. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the compressive strength development of eco-friendly concrete compared to conventional OPC concrete. In particular, fly ash and GGBS often exhibit delayed hydration reactions at early ages, which may lead to reduced early-age compressive strength depending on replacement ratio and mix design. Conversely, several studies have demonstrated comparable or even superior long-term strength performance due to pozzolanic and latent hydraulic reactions. These conflicting findings make it difficult to establish clear guidelines for practical application. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature-based meta-analysis comparing the performance and environmental characteristics of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and ordinary Portland cement concrete. Open-access domestic and international studies were systematically collected, and compressive strength data were analyzed considering replacement ratio, water-to-binder ratio, curing age, and strength level. The compressive strength ratio relative to OPC concrete was calculated, and statistical characteristics such as mean values and dispersion were evaluated for different strength categories. The results indicate that the compressive strength performance of eco-friendly concrete strongly depends on the target strength level. For normal-strength concrete, increasing the replacement ratio of fly ash or GGBS generally resulted in reduced early-age compressive strength. In contrast, high-strength concrete and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) demonstrated comparable or improved compressive strength when appropriate mix designs were applied. In particular, GGBS-based concrete exhibited superior long-term strength development compared to OPC concrete. From an environmental perspective, the use of industrial by-products significantly reduces cement consumption, leading to a reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The findings of this study highlight that a balanced consideration of mechanical performance and environmental benefits is essential for the effective application of eco-friendly concrete. This study provides fundamental data for mix design and practical application of industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete and serves as a reference for future research incorporating durability assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA). Keywords : Industrial by-product-based eco-friendly concrete, Ordinary ,Portland cement concrete, Compressive strength, Meta-analysis, Environmental performance

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 기후 변화 대응과 지속가능한 건설에 대한 요구가 증가함에 따 라, 건설 산업 전반에서 환경 부하를 저감할 수 있는 재료 및 기술 개발 의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 특히 콘크리트의 주요 결합재인 보통 포틀랜 드 시멘트(OPC)는 제조 과정에서 다량의 이산화탄소(CO₂)를 배출하는 대표적인 고탄소 재료로 지적되고 있으며, 이에 따라 시멘트 사용량을 저 감하거나 대체할 수 있는 방안에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이 러한 배경에서 플라이애시 및 고로슬래그 미분말과 같은 산업 부산물을 활용한 친환경 콘크리트는 자원 재활용 및 환경성 개선 측면에서 유망한 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트는 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘 크리트와 비교할 때 압축강도 발현 특성이 재령, 치환율 및 배합 조건에 따라 상이하게 나타나는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 개별 연구 간 결과의 편차로 인해 실무 적용을 위한 명확한 판단 기준이 부족한 실정이다. 또 한 환경성 측면의 장점이 강조되는 반면, 구조 성능 확보와의 균형에 대 한 종합적인 비교 연구는 제한적으로 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트와 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트의 성능 및 환경성을 비교·분석하기 위하여, 국내·외 공개 접근 논문을 대상으로 문헌 기반 메타분석을 수행하는 데 있다. 이를 위 해 플라이애시 및 고로슬래그를 혼입한 콘크리트의 압축강도 데이터를 수 집하고, 치환율, 물-결합재비, 재령 조건 및 강도 수준에 따라 보통 포틀 랜드 시멘트 콘크리트 대비 압축강도비를 산정하였다. 또한 강도 수준별 평균값 및 분산 특성을 분석하여 산업 부산물 기반 콘크리트의 성능 발현 경향을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트는 강도 수준에 따라 상 이한 압축강도 발현 특성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 일반강도 콘크리트 의 경우 플라이애시 및 고로슬래그 치환율이 증가함에 따라 초기 재령에 서 압축강도가 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 고강도 콘크리트 및 초고성능 콘크리트(UHPC)에서는 적절한 배합 조건 하에서 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트와 유사하거나 일부 증가된 압축강도를 확보할 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 고로슬래그를 혼입한 콘크리트는 장기 재령에서 우수한 강도 발현 특성을 나타내는 경향을 보였다. 환경성 측면에서는 산업 부산물 활용을 통해 시멘트 사용량을 저감함 으로써 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트 대비 이산화탄소 배출 저감 효과 를 기대할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 다수의 선행연구에서 보고된 결과와 일치한다. 본 연구는 성능과 환경성을 통합적으로 고려한 비교 분 석을 통해 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트의 합리적인 적용 범위를 제 시하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. 본 연구 결과는 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트의 배합 설계 및 실 무 적용 시 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 향후 내구성 및 생애주기평가 (LCA)를 포함한 확장 연구를 위한 기초적인 비교 기준을 제공할 것으로 기대된다. 주요어 : 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트, 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘 크리트, 압축강도, 메타분석, 환경성 평가

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [표 차례] iii
• 제 1 장 서 론 1
• 1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 1.2 연구의 목적 및 방향 2
• 1.3 연구의 동향 및 메타분석의 필요성 4
• 제 2 장 이론적 고찰 및 선행연구 6
• 2.1 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트 콘크리트의 특성 6
• 2.2 산업 부산물 기반 친환경 결합재의 개요 6
• 2.3 산업 부산물 기반 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현 매커니즘 7
• 2.4 산업 부산물 기반 콘크리트의 성능에 관한 선행연구 7
• 2.5 산업 부산물 기반 콘크리트의 환경성 평가 연구 동향 8
• 2.6 선행연구의 한계 및 본 연구의 차별성 8
• 제 3 장 성능 비교 결과 10
• 3.1 플라이애시 콘크리트의 압축강도 특성 10
• 3.2 고로슬래그 콘크리트의 장기 압축강도 특성 11
• 3.3 최신 공개 논문 기반 부산물 기반 친환경 콘크리트 압축강도 비교 12
• 3.4 메타분석 결과 요약 13
• 제 4 장 성능 및 환경성 비교 고찰 14
• 4.1 산업 부산물 혼입이 압축강도에 미치는 영향 고찰 14
• 4.2 재령 및 치환율에 따른 성능 변화 해석 15
• 4.3 성능과 환경성 간의 상관관계 고찰 16
• 4.4 시멘트 치환에 따른 환경성 비교 17
• 4.5 설계 관점에서의 시사점 18
• 4.6 소결 18
• 제 5 장 결과 및 결론 19
• 5.1 연과 결과 19
• 5.2 성능 및 환경성 관점에서의 종합 결론 20
• 5.3 강도 수준별 설계 기준 제안 20
• 5.3.1 UHPC 및 고강도 콘크리트 20
• 5.3.2 일반강도 콘크리트 21
• 5.3.3 기포 콘크리트 및 저강도 콘크리트 21
• 5.4 재령 기반 설계 접근의 필요성 21
• 5.5 연구의 의의 22
• 5.6 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구 과제 22
• [참고문헌] 24