Biological Control Potential of Trichoderma flavipes FBCC- F1632 and Camarosporomyces flavigenus FBCC-F2832 against Fungal Diseases of Apple and Red Pepper

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Climate change, the emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens, and increasing consumer concerns about food safety are driving a global shift from chemical fungicide–based disease management toward eco-friendly and sustainable biological control strategies. Within this context, the identification of effective microbial resources has become an important priority. In this study, eleven fungal isolates obtained from freshwater environments were screened for antifungal activity, leading to the preliminary selection of six strains with strong inhibitory effects. Their antifungal properties were further evaluated through volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and culture filtrates (CF). Among the tested isolates, Trichoderma flavipes FBCC-F1632 and Camarosporomyces flavigenus FBCC- F2832 consistently exhibited strongest inhibitory activity. Both strains effectively suppressed the growth of major plant pathogens, including the causal agents of pepper anthracnose, apple bitter rot, and apple valsa canker, not only on agar media but also in fruit and twig assays. In addition, soil application to pepper seedlings demonstrated clear plant growth–promoting effects. The production of plant growth–regulating substances and antimicrobial compounds was confirmed. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the pathogen-inhibiting and growth-promoting potential of freshwater-derived fungi and highlights FBCC- F1632 and FBCC-F2832 as promising candidates for the development of sustainable biological control agents.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• INTRODUCTION 1
• MATERIALS AND METHODS 8
• 1. Collection and culture of 11 freshwater fungal isolates 8
• 2. In vitro screening using dual culture assay 8
• 3. Evaluation of VOCs produced by freshwater fungal isolates 10
• 4. Evaluation of antifungal activity of culture filtrates 11
• 5. Morphological and molecular identification 12
• 6. Additional in vitro evaluation against major plant pathogens 13
• 7. Inhibition of conidial germination by culture filtrates 14
• 8. Disease control assay on fruits and branches 15
• 9. Plant growth promotion assay 17
• 10. Field evaluation on red pepper 18
• 11. Statistical analysis 19
• RESULTS 20
• 1. Antifungal activity of 11 isolates in dual culture assay. 20
• 2. Antifungal activity of VOCs produced by selected isolates 24
• 3. Antifungal effect of culture filtrates Culture filtrate-mediated inhibition. 27
• 4. Morphological and phylogenetic characteristics of FBCC-F1632 and FBCC-
• F2832 30
• 5. Antifungal activity of the selected isolates against additional pathogens 35
• 6. Inhibition of conidial germination by culture filtrates 38
• 7. Disease control efficacy on fruits and branches 40
• 8 Plant growth-promoting effect on red pepper seedlings 43
• 9. Field efficacy of FBCC-F1632 and FBCC-F2832 against red pepper
• anthracnose 45
• DISCUSSION 47
• REFERENCES 51
• ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 65